An Intelligent Agent Based Intrusion Detection System Using Fuzzy Rough Set Based Outlier Detection

Since existing Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) including misuse detection and anomoly detection are generally incapable of detecting new type of attacks. However, all these systems are capable of detecting intruders with high false alarm rate. It is an urgent need to develop IDS with very high Detection rate and with low False alarm rate. To satisfy this need we propose a new intelligent agent based IDS using Fuzzy Rough Set based outlier detection and Fuzzy Rough set based SVM. In this proposed model we intorduced two different inteligent agents namely feature selection agent to select the required feature set using fuzzy rough sets and decision making agent manager for making final decision. Moreover, we have introduced fuzzy rough set based outlier detection algorithm to detect outliers. We have also adopted Fuzzy Rough based SVM in our system to classify and detect anomalies efficiently. Finally, we have used KDD Cup 99 data set for our experiment, the experimental result show that the proposed intelligent agent based model improves the overall accuracy and reduces the false alarm rate

Pros and Cons on Use of Live Viral Vaccines in Commercial Chicken Flocks.

The poultry industry is the largest source of meat and eggs for the growing human population worldwide. Key concerns in poultry farming are nutrition, management, flock health, and biosecurity measures. As part of the flock health, use of live viral vaccines plays a vital role in the prevention of economically important and common viral diseases. This includes diseases and production losses caused by Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus, Marek's disease virus, chicken infectious anemia virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, fowlpox virus, and avian metapneumovirus. These viruses cause direct and indirect harms, such as financial losses worth millions of dollars, loss of protein sources, and threats to animal welfare. Flock losses vary by type of poultry, age of affected animals, co-infections, immune status, and environmental factors. Losses in broiler birds can consist of high mortality, poor body weight gain, high feed conversion ratio, and increased carcass condemnation. In commercial layers and breeder flocks, losses include higher than normal mortality rate, poor flock uniformity, drops in egg production and quality, poor hatchability, and poor day-old-chick quality. Despite the emergence of technology-based vaccines, such as inactivated, subunit, vector-based, DNA or RNA, and others, the attenuated live vaccines remain as important as before. Live vaccines are preferred in the global veterinary vaccine market, accounting for 24.3% of the global market share in 2022. The remaining 75% includes inactivated, DNA, subunit, conjugate, recombinant, and toxoid vaccines. The main reason for this is that live vaccines can induce innate, mucosal, cellular, and humoral immunities by single or multiple applications. Some live vaccine combinations provide higher and broader protection against several diseases or strains of viruses. This review aimed to explore insights on the pros and cons of attenuated live vaccines commonly used against major viral infections of the global chicken industry, and the future road map for improvement

Sero-surveillance and risk factors for avian influenza and Newcastle disease virus in backyard poultry in Oman

AbstractAvian Influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) are the most important reportable poultry diseases worldwide. Low pathogenic AI (H9N2) and ND viruses are known to have been circulating in the Middle East, including in Oman, for many decades. However, detailed information on the occurrence of these pathogens is almost completely lacking in Oman. As backyard poultry are not vaccinated against either virus in Oman, this sector is likely to be the most affected poultry production sector for both diseases. Here, in the first survey of AI and ND viruses in backyard poultry in Oman, we report high flock-level seroprevalences of both viruses. Serum and oropharyngeal swabs were taken from 2350 birds in 243 backyard flocks from all regions and governorates of Oman. Information was recorded on location, type of bird and housing type for each sampled farm. Individual bird serum samples were tested using commercial indirect antibody detection ELISA kits. Pooled oropharyngeal samples from each flock were inoculated onto FTA cards and tested by RT-PCR. Samples came from chickens (90.5%), turkeys (2.1%), ducks (6.2%), guinea fowl (0.8%) and geese (0.4%). The bird-level seroprevalence of antibody to AI and ND viruses was 37.5% and 42.1% respectively, and at the flock level it was 84% and 90% respectively. There were statistically significant differences between some different regions of Oman in the seroprevalence of both viruses. Flock-level NDV seropositivity in chickens was significantly associated with AIV seropositivity, and marginally negatively associated with flock size. AIV seropositivity in chickens was marginally negatively associated with altitude. All oropharyngeal samples were negative for both viruses by RT-PCR, consistent with a short duration of infection. This study demonstrates that eight or nine out of ten backyard poultry flocks in Oman are exposed to AI and ND viruses, and may present a risk for infection for the commercial poultry sector in Oman, or wild birds which could carry infection further afield

Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma imitans in red‐legged partridges (Alectoris rufa)

Groups of 3-day-old red-legged partridges were infected intranasally either with the S6 strain of M. gallisepticum or with an M. imitans strain from a partridge with sinusitis. Starting 6-8 days post-infection (p.i.) birds in both groups developed signs of depression, nasal exudation, tracheal rales, sneezing, gasping, head shaking, watery eyes and eye scratching. The most outstanding feature was bilateral swelling of the infraorbital sinuses. Morbidity reached 100% in the M. gallisepticum infection and 80% in the M. imitans infection and mean clinical scores in the former were significantly greater than those of the latter group on days 11 and 14 p.i. There was also slower recovery in the M. gallisepticum infection. Necropsies at weekly intervals for 5 weeks revealed nasal and sinus exudate in both groups but tracheal exudate and cloudy airsacs were seen only in M. gallisepticum infection. M. gallisepticum was isolated from both upper and lower respiratory tract throughout the experiment while M. imitans was recovered less frequently from the upper respiratory tract and from the lungs and air sacs only at 7 days p.i. The numbers of isolations from eyes, tracheas, lungs and thoracic air sacs of the M. gallisepticum group were significantly greater than those from the M. imitans group. Seroconversion occurred in both groups using homologous antigen

Protection Conferred by a Live Avian Metapneumovirus Vaccine when Co-Administered with Live La Sota Newcastle Disease Vaccine in Chicks

This paper examines the effects on specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks when avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) La Sota strain vaccines are co-administered. Day-old SPF chicks were divided into five groups. The first group was inoculated with sterile water (SW) and the rest of the groups were inoculated with live NDV vaccine VG/GA by the oculo-oral route. At 21 days-old, the unvaccinated chicks were again inoculated with SW. The four VG/GA-vaccinated groups were further inoculated with (i) SW, (ii) live aMPV vaccine, (iii) live NDV La Sota, or (iv) combined live NDV La Sota and live aMPV, respectively. Chicks were monitored for post-vaccination reactions and oropharyngeal swabs were collected for vaccines detection. Blood samples were collected to detect aMPV ELISA and NDV haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies. Twenty-one days following the second vaccination, six chicks from each group were challenged with virulent NDV or aMPV respectively. Chicks were monitored for clinical signs and mortality and oropharyngeal swabs collected for aMPV detection. Results showed that, when challenged with a virulent aMPV, both chicks previously vaccinated with VG/GA and subsequently given aMPV vaccine singly or in combination with La Sota were equally protected against clinical signs. Chicks that were vaccinated against NDV either once with VG/GA or followed by La Sota (singly or in combination with aMPV) were fully protected when challenged with velogenic NDV. We concluded that simultaneous administration of live aMPV and NDV La Sota vaccines have no adverse effects on protection conferred by either live vaccine

Intelligent Agent-Based Intrusion Detection System Using Enhanced Multiclass SVM

Intrusion detection systems were used in the past along with various techniques to detect intrusions in networks effectively. However, most of these systems are able to detect the intruders only with high false alarm rate. In this paper, we propose a new intelligent agent-based intrusion detection model for mobile ad hoc networks using a combination of attribute selection, outlier detection, and enhanced multiclass SVM classification methods. For this purpose, an effective preprocessing technique is proposed that improves the detection accuracy and reduces the processing time. Moreover, two new algorithms, namely, an Intelligent Agent Weighted Distance Outlier Detection algorithm and an Intelligent Agent-based Enhanced Multiclass Support Vector Machine algorithm are proposed for detecting the intruders in a distributed database environment that uses intelligent agents for trust management and coordination in transaction processing. The experimental results of the proposed model show that this system detects anomalies with low false alarm rate and high-detection rate when tested with KDD Cup 99 data set

Evaluation of Flinders Technology Associates cards for storage and molecular detection of avian metapneumoviruses

The feasibility of using Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards for the molecular detection of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was investigated. Findings showed that no virus isolation was possible from aMPV-inoculated FTA cards, confirming viral inactivation upon contact with the cards. The detection limits of aMPV from the FTA card and tracheal organ culture medium were 101.5 median ciliostatic doses/ml and 100.75 median ciliostatic doses/ml respectively. It was possible to perform molecular characterization of both subtypes A and B aMPV using inoculated FTA cards stored for up to 60 days at 4 to 6°C. Tissues of the turbinate, trachea and lung of aMPV-infected chicks sampled either by direct impression smears or by inoculation of the tissue homogenate supernatants onto the FTA cards were positive by RT-PCR. However, the latter yielded more detections. FTA cards are suitable for collecting and transporting aMPV-positive samples, providing a reliable and hazard-free source of RNA for molecular characterization

Protection conferred by live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses against variant Middle East IS/885/00-like and IS/1494/06-like isolates in commercial broiler chicks.

The ability of the infectious bronchitis H120 (a Massachusetts strain) and CR88 (a 793B strain) live attenuated vaccine viruses to protect from two Middle East infectious bronchitis virus isolates, IS/885/00-like (IS/885) and IS/1494/06-like (IS/1494) in broiler chicks was investigated. Day-old chicks were separated into three groups, (I) vaccinated with H120 at day-old followed by CR88 at 14 days-old, (II) vaccinated with H120 and CR88 simultaneously at day-old and again with CR88 at 14 days-old, (III) control unvaccinated. At 30 days-old, each of the groups was challenged with virulent IS/885 or IS/1494. Protection was evaluated based on the clinical signs, tracheal and kidney gross lesions and tracheal ciliostasis. Results showed that administering combined live H120 and CR88 vaccines simultaneously at day-old followed by CR88 vaccine at 14 days-old gave more than 80 per cent tracheal ciliary protection from both of the Middle East isolates. In addition, this programme conferred 100 per cent protection from clinical signs and tracheal or kidney lesions. The other vaccination programme, H120 at day-old followed by CR88 at 14 days-old, the tracheal ciliary protection conferred were 60 per cent and 80 per cent from IS/885/00-like and IS/1494/06-like, respectively