Public understanding of science and common sense: Social representations of the human microbiome among the expert and non-expert public

The aim of this investigation is to examine the structure and the content of different social groups’ representations of the human microbiome. We employed a non-probabilistic sample comprising two groups of participants. The first group (n = 244) included university students. The second group included lay people (n = 355). We chose a mixed-method approach. The data obtained were processed using IRaMuTeQ software. The results allow us to identify the anchoring and objectification processes activated by the two different groups of interviewees. The results could be useful to those in charge of implementing campaigns aimed at promoting health literac

A Similarity Graph-based Approach to Study Social Representations of the Economic Crisis: A Comparison between Italian and Greek Social Groups

In order to analyse the common sense theories about the economic thinking and acting, this research has been conducted with the theoretical framework of the Social Representation Theory. By interviewing Italian and Greek participants belonging to different social groups, we examined how expert and lay people face this phenomenon. Inspired by the Structural Approach, which considers SRs as constituted of two parts (a structure and a content), data were collected through specific strategies and were created ad hoc: hierarchized evocations, characterization and multiple choice questionnaires. Four groups of participants (N=120 for each country; n=30 for each group; gender balanced) were employed: university students (second/third year; Faculty of economics), mid-level bank clerks, shopkeepers, and laypeople. Obtained data were treated with rang/frequency and similarity/ network analysis, as well as mono and bivariate statistical analysis. The main findings demonstrate culture and group membership differences in the ways participants define and foresee strategies to face the crisis. In particular, in both Italian and Greek samples, differences between expert and lay groups are clear. Methodological implications associated with combining qualitative and quantitative methods, in SRT’s Structural Approach, are presented and discussed

Social Representations of Covid-19 in the Framework of Risk Psychology

Social representations theory offers a useful framework to analyse the construction of lay explanations of social risks. The current study used this theoretical framework to investigate lay explanations of the COVID-19 outbreak. Risk psychology generally focuses on individual perceptions and cognitive errors or the notion of the fallibility of human information processing. According to Moscovici, society is not a source of information, but of meanings. People, on topics of interest, construct questions and look for answers, rather than merely perceiving and processing obtained information. Social psychologists, therefore, cannot be interested in risk responses as erroneous or correct, nor as false, deficient, or biased. Instead, they must be concerned with how social awareness of risk is built, in other words, how and why people need to co-construct social representations of such a risk. To identify the structure and content of COVID-19 SRs, we used a non-probabilistic sample composed by social sciences and humanities and life sciences students (N = 124). To access the structure of COVID-19 SRs, we employed the method of hierarchical evocation. The free association task was completed by participants’ justification of their association choices to avoid the lexical ambiguity that could come from this kind of data. To access the content of COVID-19 SRs, we utilized both open and closed questions made up starting from the following dimensions: informative sources and participants’ networks of interaction; anchoring and objectivation processes; expectations and emotions related to the object

Chapter Understanding the sensory characteristics of edible insects to promote entomophagy: A projective sensory experience among consumers

In recent years, a remarkable number of studies have investigated sensory characteristics, such as flavor and texture, of edible insect and insect-based foods, their contribution to consumers’ attitudes toward edible insects are important in consumer appeal and their willingness to try eating insects in the future. This paper addresses the problem of describing the sensory characteristics aof edible insect and insect-based foods in terms of preferences. To this end, we conducted a study to explore the representations of sensory experiences related to an insect-based dish involving a voluntary sample of 154 consumers. The quasi-experiment, which we have called projective sensory experience (PSE), follows a two-step procedure. In the first step, we asked the participants to imagine tasting an insect-based dish and then to rate, from 1 (imperceptible) up to 10 (very perceptible), the following taste-olfactory sensations: Sapidity, Bitter tendency, Acidity, Sweet, Spiciness, Aroma, Greasiness-Unctuosity, Succulence, Sweet, Fatness, Persistence. In the second step, we asked our interviewees to indicate, through a specific check-list, which was the most disturbing and least disturbing taste-olfactory sensation imagined. We collected data from May to July 2020 by using an anonymous on-line questionnaire. Results could help understand the sensory characteristics of “insects as food” that should be used or avoided, for example, in communication aimed at promoting familiarity with edible insects and improving the acceptability of insects as a novel food

Men, Women, and Economic Changes: Social Representations of the Economic Crisis

The current economic crisis has been a new and unexpected phenomenon; it is part of the capitalist banking and economic system that has been known until 2008. The crisis has led to banks, states, international institutions, as well as common people, changing profoundly their representations about the economy. In this scenario, some questions arise: how do men and women of different social status face the complex and unknown phenomenon of the economic crisis? Do gender and social status justify the different meanings attributed to the crisis, to its causes and its consequences? When confronted with an external threat like the economic crisis, people draw on social representations to provide meaning to that unfamiliar situation. Through media and interpersonal communication, social groups produce naive theories that improve familiarity with an unexpected and distressing phenomenon. In order to analyze these lay theories elaborated though daily economic thinking and acting, this research has been conducted using Social Representation Theory and its methodological approaches. This theory, in fact, contributes to our understanding of the societal process of sense making when an unexperienced external shock affects society. It offers a way to understand economic phenomena’s impact on social groups. Social representations (SRs) serve the purpose of making the unfamiliar become familiar, and the unusual become usual, as well as to provide orientation in times of change. In this sense, in this article, social representations theory is used to examine the role of gender and educational status in the production of representations of the crisis. Presented findings came from a survey carried out in Southern Italy (N = 120) revealing status and gender differences in the ways people define the crisis and cope with it. Participants were asked to order the first most important five statements and the first least important statements, among a list of 15 (according to the rule of a multiple of 3) to code every item with a score of 1 (less characteristic), 3 (more characteristic), or 2 (not chosen). Every Questionnaire of Characterization was created starting from social descriptions and explanations of the crisis, identified in a previous study. They covered every sub-dimension of the content (complementary to the structure) of the social representation of the crisis, such as: cognitive-evaluative aspects about the representation’s structure (central and peripheral elements); descriptive-defining aspects of the representation; informative sources and interaction networks; level of involvement/implication with the object; relationship between representation and social practices; perceptions, attributions and categorizations (causes, responsibilities, duration/evolution, solutions, positive implications, the EU’s role). In this paper, we will only consider the answers related to the following dimensions: crisis definitions, strategies to tackle the crisis and social practices related to the crisis. The analysis of the data was carried out primarily using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). In this analysis, in order to uncover the objectification and anchoring processes, we considered the interaction of status and gender as an illustrative variable. These findings were further substantiated with the use of Discriminant analysis. The social anchoring of social representations of the economic crisis is influenced by gender and social status. Nevertheless, the difference in status modifies the stereotypical dimensions, also coherently with predictions derived from gender role theory about the reduction of the impact of gender stereotypes when men and women occupy similar social positions. On the one hand, high-status participants defined the crisis in more abstract terms than low-status participants. On the other hand, high-status men hold a more proactive style of coping with the crisis than other participants, especially women. The discussion focuses on the role of social representations theory in understanding the relationships between gender, status and economic behavior, providing insights into how gender equality might be improved

O abraço cruel da dor: a endometriose e as suas representações

Endometriosis is a chronic disease of the female genital tract, the etiology of which is still unclear. The purpose of this paper is to analyze, from a biopsychosocial perspective, the structure of social representations of endometriosis of women with this disease and healthy women. To this end, an exploratory survey was conducted by administering an online questionnaire. The results made it possible to identify those particular type of social representations, the controversies, articulated differently and often contradictory in their peripheral elements. These results provide a useful basis for the construction of intervention strategies to avoid the “epistemological purgatory” in which many women are forced to live due to the discrepancy between the subjective experience of endometriosis and its expert knowledge.La endometriosis es una enfermedad crónica del aparato genital femenino cuya etiología aún no está clara. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar, desde una perspectiva biopsicosocial, la estructura de las representaciones sociales de la endometriosis entre mujeres con esta enfermedad y mujeres sanas. Para ello, se realizó una encuesta exploratoria mediante un cuestionario online. Los resultados permitieron identificar ese tipo particular de representaciones sociales, las polémicas, articuladas de manera diferente y a menudo contradictoria en sus elementos periféricos. Estos resultados constituyen una base útil para la construcción de estrategias de intervención destinadas a evitar el “purgatorio epistemológico” en el que muchas mujeres se ven obligadas a vivir debido a la discrepancia entre la experiencia subjetiva de la endometriosis y el conocimiento experto de la misma.L’endométriose est une maladie chronique de l’appareil génital féminin dont l’étiologie n’est pas encore élucidée. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser, dans une perspective biopsychosociale, la structure des représentations sociales de l’endométriose chez les femmes atteintes de cette maladie et chez les femmes saines. Pour faire ça, une enquête exploratoire a été menée au moyen d’un questionnaire en ligne. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier un type particulier de représentations sociales, les représentations polémiques, articulées différemment et souvent contradictoires dans leurs éléments périphériques. Ces résultats fournissent une base utile pour construire des stratégies d’intervention afin d’éviter le «purgatoire épistémologique» dans lequel de nombreuses femmes sont contraintes de vivre en raison du décalage entre leur expérience subjective de l’endométriose et la connaissance qu’en ont les experts.A endometriose é uma doença crónica do aparelho genital feminino, cuja etiologia ainda não está esclarecida. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar, numa perspectiva biopsicossocial, a estrutura das representações sociais da endometriose entre mulheres com esta doença e mulheres saudáveis. Para o efeito, foi realizado um inquérito exploratório através de um questionário online. Os resultados permitiram identificar um tipo particular de representações sociais, as polémicas, articuladas de forma diferente e muitas vezes contraditória nos seus elementos periféricos. Estes resultados constituem uma base útil para a construção de estratégias de intervenção para evitar o “purgatório epistemológico” em que muitas mulheres são obrigadas a viver devido à discrepância entre a sua experiência subjetiva da endometriose e o seu conhecimento especializado da mesma

Effectiveness of a phone-based nurse monitoring assessment and intervention for chemotherapy-related toxicity: A randomized multicenter trial

PurposeAnticancer treatment-related toxicities can impact morbidity and mortality, hamper the administration of treatment, worsen the quality of life and increase the burden on the healthcare system. Therefore, their prompt identification is crucial. NICSO (Italian Network for Supportive Care in Cancer) conducted a nationwide randomized trial to evaluate the role of a planned, weekly phone-based nurse monitoring intervention to prevent and treat chemotherapy, targeted therapy- and immunotherapy-related toxicities. Here, we report the results from the chemotherapy arm. MethodsThis was a nationwide, randomized, open-label trial conducted among 29 Italian centers (NCT04726020) involving adult patients with breast, colon, or lung cancer and a life expectancy >= 6 months receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients received either a weekly nurse monitoring phone call and an educational leaflet reporting practical advice about prevention and treatment of toxicities (experimental group) or the educational leaflet only (control group). ResultsThe addition of a nurse monitoring intervention may help reduce time spent with severe toxicities (grade >= 3), particularly those less frequently reported in clinical practice, such as fatigue. When considering grade 1-2 AEs, times with mild/moderate diarrhea, mucositis, fatigue and pain were shorter in the experimental arm. Time spent without AEs was significantly longer in the experimental arms for all the toxicities. The requirement for special medical attention was comparable between groups. ConclusionThis study suggests the need for implementing a better system of toxicity assessment and management for patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy to promote effective preventive and/or therapeutic intervention against these events

A teoria das representações sociais: do nascimento ao seu desenvolvimento mais recente

Este estudo tem por objetivo apresentar os diferentes momentos pelos quais passou a teoria das representações sociais. O trabalho foi adaptado do capítulo de um livro comemorativo dos 50 anos da teoria. Trata-se de uma apresentação sintetizada e comentada da teoria e de seus desdobramentos. Expõe o pensamento de diversos autores que contribuíram para que a teoria para que a teoria continue se desenvolvendo e aumentando seu poder explicativo. Conclui que recentes contribuições da teoria esclareceram as formas pelas quais se constroem e operam as representações sociais, entendida como produção, expressão e instrumento de um grupo na sua relação com a alteridade. Palavras-chave: Representações sociais. Alteridade. Abordagens da teoria das representações sociais