The determinants of the health status in a developing country: results form the colombian case

ABSTRACT This paper tries to find empirical evidence of the health determinants, as a measure of health capital in a developing country after a deep reform of its health-care sector. It follows the Grossman model (1972) and also takes, besides individual and socioeconomic variables, institutional factors of the health sector. Two surveys from 1997 and 2000 in Colombia, with a subjective (self-report) health status of the individuals, and information about the health system affiliation type, were used. The estimation method is an order probit model. At the end, the results show an important connection between individual, institutional and socioeconomic variables with the health status of a person in Colombia. The effect of the type of access to medical care strengths the inequities in health outcome. *************************************************************************** RESUMEN El artículo busca encontrar evidencia empírica de los determinantes de la salud, como una medición de capital salud en un país en desarrollo después de una profunda reforma en el sector salud. Siguiendo el modelo de Grossman (1972) y tomando factores institucionales, además de las variables individuales y socioeconómicas. Se usaron las encuestas de 1997 y 2000 donde se responde subjetivamente sobre el estado de salud y tipo de afiliación al sistema de salud. El proceso de estimación usado es un probit ordenado. Los resultados muestran una importante conexión entre las variables individuales, institucionales y socioeconómicas con el estado de salud. El efecto de tipo de acceso al sistema de salud presiona las inequidades en salud.Demand for health, health production, developing countries, probit estimations

El gasto en salud de los hogares colombianos: un análisis descriptivo

From the Choice Theory we considered the way in which certain population characteristics affect the households health expenditure in Colombia. The approach of this paper is based on Deaton’s work (1980), where the choice set of the individuals is the intercession of the budgetary set and the consumption set. The analysis of the paths of the health expenditure for the Colombian households has a variance analysis approach taking data from the “Encuesta de Calidad de Vida de 1997 (ECV97)”. We fund that the households spend the 9,62% of their current income in health. The most important variables that explain the paths of the health expenditure are the geographic location; the social-economic level of the households; the affiliation’ type to the health system; the occupation and the educative level of the household head; and the epidemiologists characteristic of the households. ********************************************************************* A partir de la teoría de la elección se plantea la forma como ciertas características poblacionales afectan el gasto en salud de los hogares colombianos. El enfoque está basado en el trabajo de Deaton (1980), donde el conjunto de elección de los individuos es la intercesión del conjunto presupuestal y el conjunto de consumo. El análisis de los senderos de gasto en salud para los hogares colombianos utiliza un enfoque de análisis de varianza tomando datos de la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida de 1997 -ECV97. En general se encuentra que los hogares gastan el 9.62% de sus ingresos corrientes en salud, y que las variables más importantes para explicar el sendero de gasto son la ubicación geográfica; el estrato del hogar; el tipo de afiliación al sistema de salud, el tipo de ocupación y el nivel educativo del jefe del hogar; y las características epidemiológicas del hogar.análisis de varianza, gasto en salud, teoría de la elección

Effects of particle size in wasted bread flour properties

Producción CientíficaBread is wasted at different stages in the food value chain, mainly in industry and retail markets. Wastedbread can be milled into flour to be used in the elaboration of other food products. Milling can generateflours with different particle sizes that influence their properties. This study analysed the effect of particlesize (200, 500 and 1000lm) on the hydration, pasting and gel properties of flours elaborated with fourdifferent stale breads. Bread flours show a higher cold water absorption capacity and a lower oil absorp-tion capacity than wheat flour. No differences in water absorption properties after heating were observed.The viscosity curves of bread flours presented lower values than wheat flour curves, and the gels obtainedwere weaker. Bread flour properties were not influenced by different particle sizes. Therefore, a lessaggressive milling, with a lower energy cost, can generates flours with properties similar to finer flours.Junta de Castilla y León (project VA177P20)TRANSCOLAB FEDER-Interreg España-Portugal project (project 0612_TRANS_CO_LAB_2_P

Gradual Drift Detection in Process Models Using Conformance Metrics

Changes, planned or unexpected, are common during the execution of real-life processes. Detecting these changes is a must for optimizing the performance of organizations running such processes. Most of the algorithms present in the state-of-the-art focus on the detection of sudden changes, leaving aside other types of changes. In this paper, we will focus on the automatic detection of gradual drifts, a special type of change, in which the cases of two models overlap during a period of time. The proposed algorithm relies on conformance checking metrics to carry out the automatic detection of the changes, performing also a fully automatic classification of these changes into sudden or gradual. The approach has been validated with a synthetic dataset consisting of 120 logs with different distributions of changes, getting better results in terms of detection and classification accuracy, delay and change region overlapping than the main state-of-the-art algorithms

Physical properties of flours obtained from wasted bread crusts and crumbs

Producción CientíficaOne third of the food produced in the world is wasted. Bread is one of the most wasted foods both during the distribution process and in households. To use these breads, it is necessary to get to know the properties of the flours that can be obtained from them. The purpose of this work is to know how the type of bread and its zone (crumb or crust) influence the characteristics of the flours obtained from the wasted bread. For this, flours made from the crumbs and crusts of eight different breads have been analysed. Their hydration properties, cold and post-heating rheology and gelling properties as well as the colour of flours and gels have been studied. Bread flours present higher water-holding capacity (WHC) and water-binding capacity (WBC) values and higher elastic modulus (G’) and viscous modulus (G”) values, both in cold conditions and after heating, than wheat flours. However, they generate weaker gels. Crust flours, and the gels obtained from them, are darker than those from crumbs and their gels. In terms of hydration and rheology, pan and wholemeal bread flours are generally lower than other bread flours. These flours also generate softer gels, possibly caused by the dilution of starch with other components. It can be concluded that the properties shown by wasted bread flours allow them to be reintroduced in the food chain as an ingredient in different products.Junta de Castilla y León - (VA177P20)TRANSCOLAB FEDER-Interreg España-Portugal - (project 0612_TRANS_CO_LAB_2_P

The Communication Policy of the European Commission: Radio Broadcasting since the 90s, from Radio E to Euranet Plus

In the middle of the most pronounced economic crisis since its inception, many of the communication policies initiated by the European Union in recent decades must be evaluated and redefined considering the future of the Union. The challenge to define Europe and create a common identity that respects the diversity of cultures within the Union has been attempted through various media policies. We explore the recent evolution of European radio policies, considering a range of projects from the global to network levels (e.g. Radio E, Euranet and Euranet Plus) that are fundamental to our understanding of the use of media in the development of a European identity that respects the diversity of cultures within the Union.This article is part of the research project «Cultural Diversity and Audiovisual: good practices and indicators» (ref. CSO2011-26241), which is part of the National Plan of Scientific Research, Development and Technological Innovation of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness

Cervical tularaemia in a non-endemic area

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis. The microorganism is transmitted to humans by contact with, or ingestion of, infected animal tissues, by insect bites, consumption of contaminated food or water, or from inhalation of aerolized bacteria. In this report we describe a case of tularemia presenting with multiple cervical lymphadenitis in Asturias (Spain). Final diagnosis was established based on a serological test. The patient was successfully managed with surgery and streptomycin for 2 weeks. The ulceroglandular form of tularemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenitis, particularly in those not responding to penicillin treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first case described in Asturias, a north coast county of Spain

Papillary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma of salivary glands : two unusual entities

Cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma are rare salivary gland tumours histologically characterized by prominent cystic and frequently papillary growth. We present two cases of cystadenoma of a minor salivary gland (upper lip) and parotid cystadenocarcinoma respectively, captured between 834 salivary gland tumors studied in our hospital from 1980 to 2004. The authors review the clinical, histological, and biological features of these two unusual tumours, and differential diagnosis with other salivary glands neoplasms. Both entities usually reveal papillary proliferation of the epithelial lining and are composed of cells that possess bland cytomorphologic features. Differentiation of tumour types depends largely on the identification of actual infiltration of salivary gland parenchyma or surrounding connective tissue by either cystic or solid epithelium in cystadenocarcinomas. Step sections of a borderline tumour may yield unequivocal evidence of invasion. The authors discuss the problematic diagnosis between these rare neoplasms and with other tumours and compare histological findings of these two entities

Chondrosarcoma of the temporomandibular joint : a case report and review of the literature

Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor characterized by the formation of cartilage, but not bone, by tumor cells. Only 5% to 10% of chondrosarcomas occur in the head and neck, representing 0.1% of all head and neck neoplasms, with the larynx and the maxillo-nasal region being the most common sites. This report describes an unusual case of chondrosarcoma in a 54-year-old man who presented with pain and swelling in the left preauricular area. Computed tomography demonstrated a soft tissue mass in the left temporomandibular joint without causing erosion of the adjacent bony structures. The tumor was treated by excision in a single block with perilesional tissues, preserving the facial nerve. Histopathologic examination revealed chondrocytes with irregular nuclei with S-100 immunocytochemical staining positive in 30% of the tumor. The diagnosis was a grade I chondrosarcoma. There was no evidence of disease at the 16-month follow-up. The occurrence of chondrosarcoma in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an exceptional event, with only 16 cases described. We report a case of this unusual entity and review the literature