Sobre el tema de la efectividad de la regulación legal basada en aspectos psicológicos

This article is devoted to the analysis of problems regarding the main approaches to understanding the effectiveness of legal regulation and the search for its criteria. It is known that this issue serves as the basis for ongoing social development, ensuring optimal law-making and law enforcement activities of state bodies, achieving the goals of the procedural and legal regulation, consisting in ensuring, within certain stages of the legal and reasonable consideration and resolution of legal cases, the adoption of appropriate procedural decisions in the interests of subjects of law. The effectiveness of legal regulation is determined by a kind of evaluation category, the essence of which is to determine the level of functionality and effectiveness of this process in its dynamics. As criteria for the effectiveness of procedural and legal regulation are called effectiveness, achievement of the goal, procedural savings and others.Este artículo está dedicado al análisis de problemas relacionados con los principales enfoques para comprender la efectividad de la regulación legal y la búsqueda de sus criterios. Se sabe que este tema sirve como base para el desarrollo social continuo, asegurando actividades óptimas de elaboración de la ley y de aplicación de la ley de los organismos estatales, logrando los objetivos de la regulación procesal y legal, que consiste en garantizar, dentro de ciertas etapas de lo legal y razonable consideración y resolución de casos legales, la adopción de decisiones procesales apropiadas en interés de los sujetos de derecho. La efectividad de la regulación legal está determinada por un tipo de categoría de evaluación, cuya esencia es determinar el nivel de funcionalidad y efectividad de este proceso en su dinámica. Como criterios para la efectividad de la regulación procesal y legal se llaman efectividad, logro de la meta, ahorro procesal y otros

On the Issue of the Effectiveness of Legal Regulation Based on Psychological Aspects

This article is devoted to the analysis of problems regarding the main approaches to understanding the effectiveness of legal regulation and the search for its criteria. It is known that this issue serves as the basis for ongoing social development, ensuring optimal law-making and law enforcement activities of state bodies, achieving the goals of the procedural and legal regulation, consisting in ensuring, within certain stages of the legal and reasonable consideration and resolution of legal cases, the adoption of appropriate procedural decisions in the interests of subjects of law. The effectiveness of legal regulation is determined by a kind of evaluation category, the essence of which is to determine the level of functionality and effectiveness of this process in its dynamics. As criteria for the effectiveness of procedural and legal regulation are called effectiveness, achievement of the goal, procedural savings and others.This article is devoted to the analysis of problems regarding the main approaches to understanding the effectiveness of legal regulation and the search for its criteria. It is known that this issue serves as the basis for ongoing social development, ensuring optimal law-making and law enforcement activities of state bodies, achieving the goals of the procedural and legal regulation, consisting in ensuring, within certain stages of the legal and reasonable consideration and resolution of legal cases, the adoption of appropriate procedural decisions in the interests of subjects of law. The effectiveness of legal regulation is determined by a kind of evaluation category, the essence of which is to determine the level of functionality and effectiveness of this process in its dynamics. As criteria for the effectiveness of procedural and legal regulation are called effectiveness, achievement of the goal, procedural savings and others

On the Issue of the Effectiveness of Legal Regulation Based on Psychological Aspects

This article is devoted to the analysis of problems regarding the main approaches to understanding the effectiveness of legal regulation and the search for its criteria. It is known that this issue serves as the basis for ongoing social development, ensuring optimal law-making and law enforcement activities of state bodies, achieving the goals of the procedural and legal regulation, consisting in ensuring, within certain stages of the legal and reasonable consideration and resolution of legal cases, the adoption of appropriate procedural decisions in the interests of subjects of law. The effectiveness of legal regulation is determined by a kind of evaluation category, the essence of which is to determine the level of functionality and effectiveness of this process in its dynamics. As criteria for the effectiveness of procedural and legal regulation are called effectiveness, achievement of the goal, procedural savings and others.Este artículo está dedicado al análisis de problemas relacionados con los principales enfoques para comprender la efectividad de la regulación legal y la búsqueda de sus criterios. Se sabe que este tema sirve como base para el desarrollo social continuo, asegurando actividades óptimas de elaboración de la ley y de aplicación de la ley de los organismos estatales, logrando los objetivos de la regulación procesal y legal, que consiste en garantizar, dentro de ciertas etapas de lo legal y razonable consideración y resolución de casos legales, la adopción de decisiones procesales apropiadas en interés de los sujetos de derecho. La efectividad de la regulación legal está determinada por un tipo de categoría de evaluación, cuya esencia es determinar el nivel de funcionalidad y efectividad de este proceso en su dinámica. Como criterios para la efectividad de la regulación procesal y legal se llaman efectividad, logro de la meta, ahorro procesal y otro

Metabolic alterations in pea leaves during arbuscular mycorrhiza development

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is known to be a mutually beneficial plant-fungal symbiosis; however, the effect of mycorrhization is heavily dependent on multiple biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, for the proper employment of such plant-fungal symbiotic systems in agriculture, a detailed understanding of the molecular basis of the plant developmental response to mycorrhization is needed. The aim of this work was to uncover the physiological and metabolic alterations in pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves associated with mycorrhization at key plant developmental stages. Plants of pea cv. Finale were grown in constant environmental conditions under phosphate deficiency. The plants were analyzed at six distinct time points, which corresponded to certain developmental stages of the pea: I: 7 days post inoculation (DPI) when the second leaf is fully unfolded with one pair of leaflets and a simple tendril; II: 21 DPI at first leaf with two pairs of leaflets and a complex tendril; III: 32 DPI when the floral bud is enclosed; IV: 42 DPI at the first open flower; V: 56 DPI when the pod is filled with green seeds; and VI: 90–110 DPI at the dry harvest stage. Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis had no effect on the fresh or dry shoot weight, the leaf photochemical activity, accumulation of chlorophyll a, b or carotenoids. However, at stage III (corresponding to the most active phase of mycorrhiza development), the number of internodes between cotyledons and the youngest completely developed leaf was lower in the inoculated plants than in those without inoculation. Moreover, inoculation extended the vegetation period of the host plants, and resulted in increase of the average dry weight per seed at stage VI. The leaf metabolome, as analyzed with GC-MS, included about three hundred distinct metabolites and showed a strong correlation with plant age, and, to a lesser extent, was influenced by mycorrhization. Metabolic shifts influenced the levels of sugars, amino acids and other intermediates of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism. The use of unsupervised dimension reduction methods showed that (i) at stage II, the metabolite spectra of inoculated plants were similar to those of the control, and (ii) at stages IV and V, the leaf metabolic profiles of inoculated plants shifted towards the profiles of the control plants at earlier developmental stages. At stage IV the inoculated plants exhibited a higher level of metabolism of nitrogen, organic acids, and lipophilic compounds in comparison to control plants. Thus, mycorrhization led to the retardation of plant development, which was also associated with higher seed biomass accumulation in plants with an extended vegetation period. The symbiotic crosstalk between host plant and AM fungi leads to alterations in several biochemical pathways the details of which need to be elucidated in further studies

Mycorrhiza-Induced Alterations in Metabolome of <i>Medicago lupulina</i> Leaves during Symbiosis Development

The present study is aimed at disclosing metabolic profile alterations in the leaves of the Medicago lupulina MlS-1 line that result from high-efficiency arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis formed with Rhizophagus irregularis under condition of a low phosphorus level in the substrate. A highly effective AM symbiosis was established in the period from the stooling to the shoot branching initiation stage (the efficiency in stem height exceeded 200%). Mycorrhization led to a more intensive accumulation of phosphates (glycerophosphoglycerol and inorganic phosphate) in M. lupulina leaves. Metabolic spectra were detected with GS-MS analysis. The application of complex mathematical analyses made it possible to identify the clustering of various groups of 320 metabolites and thus demonstrate the central importance of the carbohydrate and carboxylate-amino acid clusters. The results obtained indicate a delay in the metabolic development of mycorrhized plants. Thus, AM not only accelerates the transition between plant developmental stages but delays biochemical “maturation” mainly in the form of a lag of sugar accumulation in comparison with non-mycorrhized plants. Several methods of statistical modeling proved that, at least with respect to determining the metabolic status of host-plant leaves, stages of phenological development have priority over calendar age

The Role of <i>Medicago lupulina</i> Interaction with <i>Rhizophagus irregularis</i> in the Determination of Root Metabolome at Early Stages of AM Symbiosis

The nature of plant–fungi interaction at early stages of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) development is still a puzzling problem. To investigate the processes behind this interaction, we used the Medicago lupulina MlS-1 line that forms high-efficient AM symbiosis with Rhizophagus irregularis. AM fungus actively colonizes the root system of the host plant and contributes to the formation of effective AM as characterized by a high mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) in the host plant. The present study is aimed at distinguishing the alterations in the M. lupulina root metabolic profile as an indicative marker of effective symbiosis. We examined the root metabolome at the 14th and 24th day after sowing and inoculation (DAS) with low substrate phosphorus levels. A GS-MS analysis detected 316 metabolites. Results indicated that profiles of M. lupulina root metabolites differed from those in leaves previously detected. The roots contained fewer sugars and organic acids. Hence, compounds supporting the growth of mycorrhizal fungus (especially amino acids, specific lipids, and carbohydrates) accumulated, and their presence coincided with intensive development of AM structures. Mycorrhization determined the root metabolite profile to a greater extent than host plant development. The obtained data highlight the importance of active plant–fungi metabolic interaction at early stages of host plant development for the determination of symbiotic efficiency

Measurement of pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV by the CMS and TOTEM experiments

Pseudorapidity ( $\eta$ ) distributions of charged particles produced in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 $~\text {TeV}$ are measured in the ranges $|\eta | < 2.2$ and $5.3 < |\eta | < 6.4$ covered by the CMS and TOTEM detectors, respectively. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of $\mathcal {L} = 45 \mu {\mathrm {b}}^{-1}$ . Measurements are presented for three event categories. The most inclusive category is sensitive to 91–96 % of the total inelastic proton–proton cross section. The other two categories are disjoint subsets of the inclusive sample that are either enhanced or depleted in single diffractive dissociation events. The data are compared to models used to describe high-energy hadronic interactions. None of the models considered provide a consistent description of the measured distributions