Comparative analysis of sleep patterns and attention components in high school and college adolescents

Adolescence is a phase with physiological and behavioral changes. One of them occurs in the sleep-wake cycle pattern, manifested by a phase delay. However, morning school start time can decrease sleep duration during weekdays, impairing adolescent cognitive performance and well-being. Adolescents of different ages and educational level might suffer the impact of academic demand on sleep-wake cycle and cognition differently. Thus, the aim of this study is to compare the sleep habits and quality, sleepiness upon awakening and attention components among adolescents in the first years of high school and college. 71 adolescents participated in the study (45 girls and 26 boys), 44 enrolled in high school morning classes (G1 - 15.5±0.7 years), from a private school, and 27 college students enrolled in morning classes (G2 - 18.8±1.04 years), from biosciences courses from a public institution. The groups did not differ in bedtime, get up time, time in bed and sleep irregularity. However, both groups showed differences according to the day of the week, bedtime and get up time became later and time in bed extended on weekends. G1 presented worse sleep quality and regarding attention, showed higher percentage of omissions in all components and worse performance in sustained attention (ANOVA, p<0.05). The poorer sleep quality of high school adolescents and reduced attention may have a negative effect on school performance. Additional studies are needed to investigate the causes of these differences between these two educational levels

UTILIZAÇÃO DA MEDICINA FÍSICA E REABILITAÇÃO PARA O CONTROLE DA DOR NA FIBROMIALGIA

Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and increased sensitivity in painful areas of the body. Fibromyalgia treatment often involves a multidisciplinary approach, and physical medicine and rehabilitation plays a key role in controlling pain and improving patients' quality of life. Objectives: Explore the role of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation as a non-drug approach in controlling pain in patients with fibromyalgia. Methodology: Data collection was conducted through the following databases: Nursing Database (BDENF), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), PubMed, Latin American Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS). Various types of publications were consulted, including scientific articles, monographs and magazines, with the aim of obtaining relevant information on the topic.Results and Discussions: The treatment process is fundamental in managing symptoms and improving patients’ quality of life. Interventions such as therapeutic exercise, physical therapy, occupational therapy, massage, and relaxation techniques have been associated with a significant reduction in pain, improved physical function, and increased overall well-being in individuals with fibromyalgia. Additionally, the multidisciplinary approach to physical medicine and rehabilitation allows for a comprehensive assessment of each patient's needs, allowing for customization of treatment to meet their specific needs. These results highlight the importance of integrating this approach into the fibromyalgia treatment plan, providing patients with a range of therapeutic options that aim to not only manage pain but also promote a better long-term quality of life.Conclusion: In summary, the use of physical medicine and rehabilitation to control pain in fibromyalgia represents a valuable and effective approach to managing this chronic condition. The interventions offered by this discipline provide pain relief, improved physical functionality and increased patients' general well-being.A fibromialgia é uma condição crônica caracterizada por dor generalizada, fadiga, distúrbios do sono e sensibilidade aumentada nas áreas doloridas do corpo. O tratamento da fibromialgia geralmente envolve uma abordagem multidisciplinar, e a medicina física e reabilitação desempenha um papel fundamental no controle da dor e na melhoria da qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Objetivos: Explorar o papel da Medicina Física e Reabilitação como abordagem não medicamentosa no controle da dor em pacientes com fibromialgia, Materiais e Métodos: A coleta de dados, foi conduzida por meio dos bancos de dados: Base de Dados em Enfermagem (BDENF), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), PubMed, Literatura Latino-Americana do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). Foram consultados diversos tipos de publicações, incluindo artigos científicos, monografias e revistas, com o objetivo de obter informações relevantes sobre o tema. Resultados e Discussões: O processo do tratamento é fundamental no manejo dos sintomas e na melhoria da qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Intervenções como exercícios terapêuticos, fisioterapia, terapia ocupacional, massagem e técnicas de relaxamento têm sido associadas a uma redução significativa da dor, melhoria da função física e aumento do bem-estar geral dos indivíduos com fibromialgia. Além disso, a abordagem multidisciplinar da medicina física e reabilitação permite uma avaliação abrangente das necessidades de cada paciente, permitindo a personalização do tratamento para atender às suas necessidades específicas. Esses resultados destacam a importância de integrar essa abordagem no plano de tratamento da fibromialgia, fornecendo aos pacientes uma gama de opções terapêuticas que visam não apenas controlar a dor, mas também promover uma melhor qualidade de vida a longo prazo. Conclusão: Em suma, a utilização da medicina física e reabilitação para o controle da dor na fibromialgia representa uma abordagem valiosa e eficaz no manejo dessa condição crônica. As intervenções oferecidas por essa disciplina proporcionam alívio da dor, melhoria da funcionalidade física e aumento do bem-estar geral dos pacientes.&nbsp

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Zero to eight : young children and their internet use

EU Kids Online has spent seven years investigating 9-16 year olds’ engagement with the internet, focusing on the benefits and risks of children’s internet use. While this meant examining the experiences of much younger children than had been researched before EU Kids Online began its work in 2006, there is now a critical need for information about the internet-related behaviours of 0-8 year olds. EU Kids Online’s research shows that children are now going online at a younger and younger age, and that young children’s “lack of technical, critical and social skills may pose [a greater] risk” (Livingstone et al, 2011, p. 3).peer-reviewe

Cytotoxic activity of IQG-607 against cell lines.

<p>HepG2 (A), Vero (B) e HaCat (C) cells were treated with IQG-607 for 72 h and cell viability was assessed by neutral red uptake assay. DNA damage index (D) were measured by alkaline comet assay in HepG2 cell after 24 h of IQG-607 (1 mM) or MMS (0.1 mM; positive control) exposure. Data is represented by mean±SD. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-test were used in the statistical analyses, *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01 and ***<i>P</i><0.001.</p

IQG-607 inhibits <i>L</i>. <i>braziliensis</i> promastigotes proliferation.

<p>Cell viability of <i>L</i>. <i>braziliensis</i> LTCP 18483 (A, B), LTCP 20195 (C, D) and LTCP 19512 (E, F) strains, isolated from lesions of patients presenting cutaneous, mucosal and disseminated forms of leishmaniasis, respectively, in the presence of AMB or IQG-607, after 72 h of incubation. Data is represented by mean±SD; One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-test were used in the statistical analyses, *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01 and ***<i>P</i><0.001.</p

IQG-607 decreases the infection of macrophages by <i>L</i>. <i>braziliensis</i> amastigotes.

<p>Macrophages were infected with <i>L</i>. <i>braziliensis</i> (strains LTCP 18483 (A, B), LTCP 20195 (C, D) and LTCP 19512 (E, F) for 48 h in the presence or not of AMB and IQG-607. Percentage of infected macrophages and the number of parasites inside 100 cells are represented by median. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-test were used in the statistical analyses, **<i>P</i><0.01 and ***<i>P</i><0.001.</p

Inhibitory activity of pentacyano(isoniazid)ferrate(II), IQG-607, against promastigotes and amastigotes forms of <i>Leishmania braziliensis</i>

<div><p><i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i> and parasites of the genus Leishmania present the type II fatty acid biosynthesis system (FASII). The pentacyano(isoniazid)ferrate(II) compound, named IQG-607, inhibits the enzyme 2-trans-enoyl-ACP(CoA) reductase from <i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i>, a key component in the FASII system. Here, we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory activity of IQG-607 against promastigote and amastigote forms of <i>Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis</i> isolated from patients with different clinical forms of <i>L</i>. <i>braziliensis</i> infection, including cutaneous, mucosal and disseminated leishmaniasis. Importantly, IQG-607 inhibited the proliferation of three different isolates of <i>L</i>. <i>braziliensis</i> promastigotes associated with cutaneous, mucosal and disseminated leishmaniasis. The IC₅₀ values for IQG-607 ranged from 32 to 75 μM, for these forms. Additionally, IQG-607 treatment decreased the proliferation of intracellular amastigotes in infected macrophages, after an analysis of the percentage of infected cells and the number of intracellular parasites/100 cells. IQG-607 reduced from 58% to 98% the proliferation of <i>L</i>. <i>braziliensis</i> from cutaneous, mucosal and disseminated strains. Moreover, IQG-607 was also evaluated regarding its potential toxic profile, by using different cell lines. Cell viability of the lineages Vero, HaCat and HepG2 was significantly reduced after incubation with concentrations of IQG-607 higher than 2 mM. Importantly, IQG-607, in a concentration of 1 mM, did not induce DNA damage in HepG2 cells, when compared to the untreated control group. Future studies will confirm the mechanism of action of IQG-607 against <i>L</i>. <i>braziliensis</i>.</p></div