Toward unified molecular surveillance of RSV: A proposal for genotype definition

Background: Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is classified into antigenic subgroups A and B. Thirteen genotypes have been defined for RSV-A and 20 for RSV-B, without any consensus on genotype definition. Methods: We evaluated clustering of RSV sequences published in GenBank until February 2018 to define genotypes by using maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses and average p-distances. Results: We compared the patterns of sequence clustering of complete genomes; the three surface glycoproteins genes (SH, G, and F, single and concatenated); the ectodomain and the 2nd hypervariable region of G gene. Although complete genome analysis achieved the best resolution, the F, G, and G-ectodomain phylogenies showed similar topologies with statistical support comparable to complete genome. Based on the widespread geographic representation and large number of available G-ectodomain sequences, this region was chosen as the minimum region suitable for RSV genotyping. A genotype was defined as a monophyletic cluster of sequences with high statistical support (≥80% bootstrap and ≥0.8 posterior probability), with an intragenotype p-distance ≤0.03 for both subgroups and an intergenotype p-distance ≥0.09 for RSV-A and ≥0.05 for RSV-B. In this work, the number of genotypes was reduced from 13 to three for RSV-A (GA1-GA3) and from 20 to seven for RSV-B (GB1-GB7). Within these, two additional levels of classification were defined: subgenotypes and lineages. Signature amino acid substitutions to complement this classification were also identified. Conclusions: We propose an objective protocol for RSV genotyping suitable for adoption as an international standard to support the global expansion of RSV molecular surveillance.Fil: Goya, Stephanie. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Galiano, Mónica. Public Health England; Reino UnidoFil: Nauwelaers, Inne. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Trento, Alfonsina. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre; EspañaFil: Openshaw, Peter J.. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Mistchenko, Alicia Susana. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Zambon, Maria. Public Health England; Reino UnidoFil: Viegas, Mariana. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Vía Aérea fuera de quirófano: Territorio hostil

El manejo de la Vía Aérea en quirófano ha recibido durante los últimos años mucha atención por parte de los anestesiólogos. Sin embargo, un número importante de intubaciones se llevan a cabo diariamente fuera de quirófano, en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, en las urgencias, en plantas y en unidades de radiología. La incidencia de fallos en la intubación, así como las complicaciones relacionadas con este procedimiento fuera de quirófano, han sido muy poco estudiadas. Este artículo pretende realizar una revisión de la bibliografía existente relacionada con este tema. Esta revisión examina el conocimiento científico reciente relacionado con la técnica de intubación orotraqueal y sus complicaciones en las áreas hospitalarias fuera de quirófano. No se considera el manejo de la vía aérea durante las maniobras de resucitación cardiopulmonar

Contribución del Sistema Artesanal en el desarrollo turí­stico local: Caso Otavalo

El turismo cultural se ha convertido en el medio para valorizar la identidad y el arte de los pueblos a través de su artesaní­a, incorporándose como una actividad económica de los destinos. Así­, este artí­culo se estructura en tres partes. En la primera se conceptualiza el turismo cultural desde la academia, el aporte a la salvaguarda del patrimonio y la función del sistema artesanal, en la segunda se contextualiza la funcionalidad de la artesaní­a, y la tercera se analiza la institucionalización del turismo cultural en agendas polí­ticas del Ecuador. Metodológicamente se caracteriza como una investigación bibliográfica de carácter cualitativo, los datos se obtuvieron de artí­culos cientí­ficos, libros y documentos

Propuesta de un modelo de gestión para la administración de talento humano de una cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito

La Gestión de Talento Humano es la función que promueve la adecuada administración de la integración, formación, evaluación y remuneración de los empleados de una organización, a fin de alcanzar eficazmente las metas y objetivos planificados. Se hace énfasis en el fortalecimiento de la fuerza laboral, de manera que sus fortalezas sean potenciadas para beneficio productivo de sus clientes internos y externos.  Este trabajo tuvo como objeto determinar la problemática existente en la gestión de los procesos de reclutamiento y selección, integración y orientación, entrenamiento y preparación, evaluación y mejora, aplicación de polí­ticas y procedimientos y bienestar ocupacional, a cargo del departamento de talento humano de una Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito.  Los hallazgos encontrados durante el proceso de evaluación contemplan los indicadores de gestión en los que se deben realizar mejoras con el propósito de que la entidad financiera sea competitiva y productiva dentro del sector en donde se desarrolla, estos hallazgos permitirán alcanzar el objetivo planteado

NifQ and NifO are essential to express nitrogenase activity in the presence of nitrate in Azotobacter vinelandii

In the presence of nitrate, Azotobacter vinelandii is able to assimilate nitrogen by using nitrogenase and nitrate reductase/nitrite reductase pathways simultaneously. Nitrogenase and nitrate reductase are Mo-enzymes containing FeMo-co and Mo-MGD at their active sites, respectively. In order to optimize the use of Mo, a scarce metal in nature, regulation of Mo distribution between both enzymes must be strictly controlled during nitrogen assimilation processes. The nifO and nifQ genes are grouped together with nifB, fdxN and rhdN in one transcriptional unit. It has been shown that nifO and nifQ expression levels change antagonistically depending on the presence of Mo in the medium (Rodriguez-Quinones 1993). In addition, the nifO mutant exhibits a Nif- phenotype in the presence of nitrate, whereas nifO overexpression lowers nitrate reductase activity (Gutierrez, J.C. 1997). The nifQ mutant is unable to fix N2 unless growth medium is supplemented with 1000-fold excess of Mo. Importantly, NifQ has been characterized as the physiological Mo donor to a NifEN/NifH complex during FeMo-co synthesis. (Hernandez, J.A. 2008). We aimed to understand the relationship between NifO and NifQ during expression of nitrogenase activity in presence of nitrate in A. vinelandii. The nifQ mutant was unable to fix N2 in the presence of nitrate, independently of the level of Mo in the medium. In contrast nifQ mutant showed enhanced nitrate reductase activity. Analysis of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase activities demonstrated that the nifQ overexpressing strain exhibited lower nitrogenase activity and higher nitrate reductase activity than wild-type when grown diazotrophically in the presence of nitrate, a phenotype similar to the nifO mutant (Gutierrez, J.C. 1997). An antagonist effect had been observed in the nifO overexpressing strain (Gutierrez, J.C. 1997). Simultaneous overexpression of both nifQ and nifO yielded nitrogenase and nitrate reductase activities similar to wild-type. The phenotype observed in nifQ overexpressing, but not in nifOQ overexpressing strain, points to NifO as candidate to preserve NifQ as Mo donor to nitrogenase when nitrate reductase is present. Transcriptional expression analysis performed by RT-qPCR showed lower expression of nitrogenase structural genes in the nifO mutant. In contrast increased expression of nitrate and nitrite reductase structural genes was observed for both nifO mutant and nifQ overexpression strains. Comparison between NifQ proteins isolated before and after addition of nitrate to the same culture of a nifQ overexpressing strain grown under diazotrophic conditions, showed NifQ cluster content alteration, resulting in decrease of [Mo-3Fe-4S]3+ and increase of [3Fe-4S]+ clusters. This effect of nitrate is consistent with the inability of NifQ to donate Mo for FeMo-co biosynthesis under nitrate reductase derepressing conditions. These results revealed two Mo pathways to nitrogenase: one that can be sorted by a large excess of Mo in the medium, and a second pathway strictly dependent on NifQ and NifO that would be essential to maintain active nitrogenase while assimilating nitrate through the molybdoenzyme nitrate reductase

Emerging risk factors and the dose-response relationship between physical activity and lone atrial fibrillation: a prospective case-control study

A history of a parts per thousand yen2000 h of vigorous endurance training, tall stature, abdominal obesity, and OSA are frequently encountered as risk factors in patients with Ln-AF. Fewer than 2000 total hours of high-intensity endurance training associates with reduced Ln-AF risk

Leer en comunidad: Creación y desarrollo de clubes de lectura dentro y fuera de la Universidad

Depto. de Lengua Española y Teoría de la LiteraturaFac. de FilologíaFALSEsubmitte

Soy Niña

Este libro pretende contribuir al reencuentro de la educación con esas finalidades que verdaderamente importan a una niña o un niño: ser feliz, jugar, vivir juntos y (no) aprender. Para ello hemos puesto el arte, nuestras experiencias y el saber acumulado al servicio del disfrute, el cuestionamiento, el análisis crítico y la construcción común de un presente deseable. Un texto colaborativo coordinado por Ignacio Calderón Almendros y realizado por alumnado de Educación y Cambio Social en el Grado en Educación Infantil de la Universidad de Málaga

Natural History of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Inferred from Phylogenetic Analysis of the Attachment (G) Glycoprotein with a 60-Nucleotide Duplication

A total of 47 clinical samples were identified during an active surveillance program of respiratory infections in Buenos Aires (BA) (1999 to 2004) that contained sequences of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) with a 60-nucleotide duplication in the attachment (G) protein gene. This duplication was analogous to that previously described for other three viruses also isolated in Buenos Aires in 1999 (A. Trento et al., J. Gen. Virol. 84:3115-3120, 2003). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BA sequences with that duplication shared a common ancestor (dated about 1998) with other HRSV G sequences reported worldwide after 1999. The duplicated nucleotide sequence was an exact copy of the preceding 60 nucleotides in early viruses, but both copies of the duplicated segment accumulated nucleotide substitutions in more recent viruses at a rate apparently higher than in other regions of the G protein gene. The evolution of the viruses with the duplicated G segment apparently followed the overall evolutionary pattern previously described for HRSV, and this genotype has replaced other prevailing antigenic group B genotypes in Buenos Aires and other places. Thus, the duplicated segment represents a natural tag that can be used to track the dissemination and evolution of HRSV in an unprecedented setting. We have taken advantage of this situation to reexamine the molecular epidemiology of HRSV and to explore the natural history of this important human pathogen