Desarrollo funcional del sistema córticoestriatal: rol de las vías dopaminérgicas

Los ganglios de la base (GB) son núcleos subcorticales involucrados en el control voluntario del movimiento y en procesos mnésicos, atencionales y motivacionales. En los animales adultos, la actividad de estos núcleos depende fuertemente de la dopamina, que regula el flujo de información cortical hacia el estriado, que es el núcleo de "entrada" de los GB. Sin embargo, el conocimiento de la maduración funcional de estos circuitos en el pasaje de la infancia a la adultez y si las vías dopaminérgicas ejercen un rol sobre este proceso, es escaso. Algunas alteraciones conductuales de condiciones neuropsiquiátricas asociadas al desarrollo, como el síndrome de Gilles de la Tourette, el Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (ADHD) o el Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo, han sido explicadas por alteraciones de la función dopaminérgica y de los circuitros frontoestriatales. Por lo tanto resulta de interés comprender los procesos madurativos normales y patológicos de estos circuitos en relación a las vías dopaminérgicas. La hipótesis general en la que se enmarca esta tesis es que los circuitos córticoestriatales son inmaduros al momento del nacimiento y que durante la infancia y adolescencia ocurren cambios sustanciales en el conexionado anatómico y funcional que les confieren las características del sistema adulto. En estos procesos madurativos la dopamina jugaría un papel central y la conectividad adquirida durante el desarrollo y moldeada por la experiencia condicionaría las conductas mediadas por los GB. Un corolario de esta hipótesis es que alteraciones postnatales que afecten la conectividad córticoestriatal podrían ser el sustrato de alteraciones conductuales asociadas a patologías de los GB que podrían manifestarse en distintas etapas de la vida. Para evalular esta hipótesis trabajamos con un modelo animal de lesión de neuronas dopaminérgicas neonatal y estudiamos las propiedades electrofisiológicas del sistema córticoestriatal en el pasaje de la infancia hacia la adultez. Los resultados obtenidos indican que, comparado con los ratones juveniles, en los ratones adultos la densidad de neuronas estriatales espontáneamente activas decae, la conectividad funcional córticoestriatal aumenta, la probabilidad de respuesta estriatal a estímulos focales en la corteza disminuye y la capacidad de sufrir depresión sináptica córticoestriatal disminuye. Encontramos que algunos de estos procesos madurativos parecen ser facilitados por las vías dopaminérgicas (densidad de sitios activos y resistencia a la LTD), mientras que otros, en apariencia, maduran normalmente en los ratones con lesión neonatal. Estos resultados apoyan la hipótesis de trabajo y sugieren que perturbaciones sobre la neurotransmisión dopaminérgica en etapas tempranas del desarrollo pueden producir efectos duraderos sobre algunas capacidades de los circuitos córticoestriatales mientras que otras pueden madurar gracias a mecanismos compensatorios.Basal Ganglia (BG) are a group of subcortical nuclei involved in voluntary motor control and in some of the mnesic, attentional and motivational aspects of behaviour. BG activity in adult animals is highly dependent on dopamine which regulates cortical information flow through the striatum, which is the main input nucelus of the BG. However, the current knowledge of the functional development of these circuits during adolescence and whether dopamine pathways are involved in that process is scarce. Some of the behavioural alterations observed in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Attention/Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Obsesive Compulsive Disorder have been attributed to deficiencies in dopaminergic and frontostriatal circuits function. Thus, it is of interest to better understand normal and pathological developmental processes of these circuits in relation to dopamine pathways. The general hypothesis of this Thesis is that corticostriatal circuits are immature at the time of birth and substantial changes take place during infancy and adolescence at the functional and anatomical level. During this developmental period dopamine would play a key role and the final connectivity of the system acquiered through development and sculpted by experience would have an impact on the behaviour sustained by the BG. To assess whether the maturation of corticostriatal functional connectivity is altered by early dopamine depletion, we examined preadolescent and postadolescent urethane-anesthetized mice with or without dopamine-depleting lesions. We specifically studied (1) synchronization between striatal neuron discharges and oscillations in frontal cortex field potentials and (2) striatal neuron responses to frontal cortex stimulation. In adult control mice striatal neurons were less spontaneously active, less responsive to cortical stimulation, and more temporally tuned to cortical rhythms than in infants. Striatal neurons from hyperlocomotor mice required more current to respond to cortical input and were less phase locked to ongoing oscillations, resulting in fewer neurons responding to refined cortical commands. By adulthood some electrophysiological deficits waned other remained substantially elevated whereas other remained. These results are compatible with our working hypothesis and suggest that early disruption of dopaminergic neurotransmission during postnatal development might produce enduring effects over some capacities of the corticostriatal circuits while other might be subject to commpensatory mechanisms.Fil:Galiñanes, Gregorio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Dopamine-dependent periadolescent maturation of corticostriatal functional connectivity in mouse

Altered corticostriatal information processing associated with early dopamine systems dysfunction may contribute to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Mice with neonatal dopamine-depleting lesions exhibit hyperactivity that wanes after puberty and is reduced by psychostimulants, reminiscent of some aspects of ADHD. To assess whether the maturation of corticostriatal functional connectivity is altered by early dopamine depletion, we examined preadolescent and postadolescent urethane-anesthetized mice with or without dopamine-depleting lesions. Specifically, we assessed (1) synchronization between striatal neuron discharges and oscillations in frontal cortex field potentials and (2) striatal neuron responses to frontal cortex stimulation. In adult control mice striatal neurons were less spontaneously active, less responsive to cortical stimulation, and more temporally tuned to cortical rhythms than in infants. Striatal neurons from hyperlocomotor mice required more current to respond to cortical input and were less phase locked to ongoing oscillations, resulting in fewer neurons responding to refined cortical commands. By adulthood some electrophysiological deficits waned together with hyperlocomotion, but striatal spontaneous activity remained substantially elevated. Moreover, dopamine-depleted animals showing normal locomotor scores exhibited normal corticostriatal synchronization, suggesting that the lesion allows, but is not sufficient, for the emergence of corticostriatal changes and hyperactivity. Although amphetamine normalized corticostriatal tuning in hyperlocomotor mice, it reduced horizontal activity in dopamine-depleted animals regardless of their locomotor phenotype, suggesting that amphetamine modified locomotion through a parallel mechanism, rather than that modified by dopamine depletion. In summary, functional maturation of striatal activity continues after infancy, and early dopamine depletion delays the maturation of core functional capacities of the corticostriatal system.Fil: Galiñanes, Gregorio Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Taravini, Irene Rita Eloisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas; ArgentinaFil: Murer, Mario Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; Argentin

Alterations in AMPA Receptor Subunits and Tarps in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens Related to the Formation of Ca2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors During the Incubation of Cocaine Craving

Cue-induced cocaine seeking intensifies or incubates after withdrawal from extended access cocaine self-administration, a phenomenon termed incubation of cocaine craving. The expression of incubated craving is mediated by Ca²⁺-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Thus, CP-AMPARs are a potential target for therapeutic intervention, making it important to understand mechanisms that govern their accumulation. Here we used subcellular fractionation and biotinylation of NAc tissue to examine the abundance and distribution of AMPAR subunits, and GluA1 phosphorylation, in the incubation model. We also studied two transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs), γ-2 and γ-4. Our results, together with earlier findings, suggest that some of the new CP-AMPARs are synaptic. These are probably associated with γ-2, but they are loosely tethered to the PSD. Levels of GluA1 phosphorylated at serine 845 (pS845 GluA1) were significantly increased in biotinylated tissue and in an extrasynaptic membrane-enriched fraction. These results suggest that increased synaptic levels of CP-AMPARs may result in part from an increase in pS845 GluA1 in extrasynaptic membranes, given that S845 phosphorylation primes GluA1-containing AMPARs for synaptic insertion and extrasynaptic AMPARs supply the synapse. Some of the new extrasynaptic CP-AMPARs are likely associated with γ-4, rather than γ-2. The maintenance of CP-AMPARs in NAc synapses during withdrawal is accompanied by activation of CaMKII and ERK2 but not CaMKI. Overall, AMPAR plasticity in the incubation model shares some features with better described forms of synaptic plasticity, although the timing of the phenomenon and the persistence of related neuroadaptations are significantly different

Origin and Properties of Striatal Local Field Potential Responses to Cortical Stimulation: Temporal Regulation by Fast Inhibitory Connections

Evoked striatal field potentials are seldom used to study corticostriatal communication in vivo because little is known about their origin and significance. Here we show that striatal field responses evoked by stimulating the prelimbic cortex in mice are reduced by more than 90% after infusing the AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX close to the recording electrode. Moreover, the amplitude of local field responses and dPSPs recorded in striatal medium spiny neurons increase in parallel with increasing stimulating current intensity. Finally, the evoked striatal fields show several of the basic known properties of corticostriatal transmission, including paired pulse facilitation and topographical organization. As a case study, we characterized the effect of local GABAA receptor blockade on striatal field and multiunitary action potential responses to prelimbic cortex stimulation. Striatal activity was recorded through a 24 channel silicon probe at about 600 µm from a microdialysis probe. Intrastriatal administration of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline increased by 65±7% the duration of the evoked field responses. Moreover, the associated action potential responses were markedly enhanced during bicuculline infusion. Bicuculline enhancement took place at all the striatal sites that showed a response to cortical stimulation before drug infusion, but sites showing no field response before bicuculline remained unresponsive during GABAA receptor blockade. Thus, the data demonstrate that fast inhibitory connections exert a marked temporal regulation of input-output transformations within spatially delimited striatal networks responding to a cortical input. Overall, we propose that evoked striatal fields may be a useful tool to study corticostriatal synaptic connectivity in relation to behavior

Directional Reaching for Water as a Cortex-Dependent Behavioral Framework for Mice

Summary: Optogenetic tools and imaging methods for recording and manipulating brain activity have boosted the field of neuroscience in unprecedented ways. However, behavioral paradigms for mice lag behind those of primates, limiting the full potential of such tools. Here, we present an innovative behavioral framework in which head-fixed mice directionally reach for water droplets, similar to the primate “center-out” reaching task. Mice rapidly engaged in the task, performed hundreds of trials, and reached in multiple directions when droplets were presented at different locations. Surprisingly, mice used chemosensation to determine the presence of water droplets. Optogenetic inactivation of the motor cortex halted the initiation and rapidly diverted the trajectory of ongoing movements. Layer 2/3 two-photon imaging revealed robust direction selectivity in most reach-related neurons. Finally, mice performed directional reaching instructed by vibratotactile stimuli, demonstrating the potential of this framework for studying, in addition to motor control, sensory processing, and decision making. : Galiñanes et al. present a behavioral framework for systems neuroscience in which mice learn to reach for water droplets presented at multiple locations, similar to the primate center-out task. Reaching is guided by chemosensory cues and depends on motor cortex. Layer 2/3 neurons display a high degree of directional selectivity. Keywords: motor cortex, directional reaching, head-fixed, behavior, mouse, two-photon imaging, water, optogenetic inactivatio

Properties of the corticostriatal long term depression induced by medial prefrontal cortex high frequency stimulation in vivo

Repetitive stimulation of cognitive forebrain circuits at frequencies capable of inducing corticostriatal long term plasticity is increasingly being used with therapeutic purposes in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, corticostriatal plasticity is rarely studied in the intact brain. Our aim was to study the mechanisms of corticostriatal long term depression (LTD) induced by high frequency stimulation (HFS) of the medial prefrontal cortex in vivo. Our main finding is that the LTD induced in the dorsomedial striatum by medial prefrontal cortex HFS in vivo (prefrontostriatal LTD) is not affected by manipulations that block or reduce the LTD induced in the dorsolateral striatum by motor cortex HFS in brain slices, including pharmacological dopamine receptor and CB1 receptor blockade, chronic nigrostriatal dopamine depletion, CB1 receptor genetic deletion and selective striatal cholinergic interneuron (SCIN) ablation. Conversely, like in the hippocampus and other brain areas, prefrontostriatal LTD is NMDA receptor dependent. Thus, we describe a novel form of corticostriatal LTD that operates in brain circuits involved in reward and cognition and could be relevant for understanding the therapeutic effects of deep brain stimulation.Fil: Braz, Bárbara Yael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Belforte, Juan Emilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Murer, Mario Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Galiñanes, Gregorio Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; Argentin

Evoked striatal field potentials show paired pulse facilitation.

<p><b>A.</b> Amplitude of the striatal field response (mean±SEM, n = 5) as a function of stimulation current intensity for cortical paired pulse stimulation (interstimulus interval 50 ms). <b>B.</b> Simultaneous recordings of striatal eLFP through a glass micropipette (<i>above</i>) and MSN membrane potential (<i>below</i>) after cortical paired pulse stimulation. <b>C–D.</b> Paired pulse stimulation at the prelimbic cortex (400 µA and 50 ms interstimulus interval) induces a facilitation of the response to the second stimulus in MSNs (C, *<i>p</i><0.0001, Student's paired t test, n = 7) and evoked striatal field potentials (D, *<i>p</i><0.005, Student's paired t test, n = 7).</p

Intrastriatal bicuculline infusion does not block paired pulse facilitation and enhances field response duration.

<p><b>A.</b> Paired pulse ratio (interstimulus interval 50 ms) of the amplitude of the evoked field potentials during baseline and after bicuculline. Top traces: superimposed average traces of the first and second evoked field potentials during baseline and bicuculline condition. Paired pulse facilitation was not blocked by bicuculline indicating that paired pulse facilitation is not due to differential effects of GABAergic neurotransmission during the first and second stimulation pulse. N = 3 experiments. * <i>p</i><0.05 Student's paired t test. <b>B.</b> The overall duration of the striatal field potentials was determined as the time between the first positive peak P1 of the field response and the positive peak of the last supplementary response. During baseline condition, the duration of the first and second evoked potential was comparable. After 10 minutes of bicuculline infusion the overall duration of the first evoked potential was increased 65±7% whereas the second was increased 146±9%.</p

Intrastriatal bicuculline increases the amplitude and duration of striatal output.

<p><b>A.</b> Representative multiunitary response to cortical stimulation before, during and after delivering bicuculline into the striatum. The top trace corresponds to the rectified, smoothed and averaged action potential activity of 20 individual trials. Dotted line reflects 3 SD of multiunitary activity during 100 ms prior to stimulation onset (400 µA). Note the increase in the amplitude and duration of the response after bicuculline. Similar results were obtained for 300 µA cortical stimulation. <b>B–D.</b> Effect of bicuculline on the area (<b>B</b>), amplitude (<b>C</b>) and duration (<b>D</b>) of multiunitary action potential responses of 20 recording sites at the hot spot from 3 different experiments. * <i>p</i><0.0001, Wilcoxon paired test. # <i>p</i><0.0001 Student's paired t test.</p