Transferable plasmid mediating resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Greece

AbstractObjective To investigate the underlying resistance mechanisms in 10 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.Methods Ten K. pneumoniae strains according to distinct bacteriocin typing and REP-PCR, were examined for their plasmid content, their ability to transfer their resistance to aminoglycosides and third-generation cephalosporins, and their production of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and β-lactamases.Results Transfer of resistance to the above-mentioned antibiotics as well as to co-trimoxazole and tetracycline in Escherichia coli strain RC 85 at a frequency of 5–106 was achieved for all strains by conjugation. Similar strains harbor a self-transferable multiresistant plasmid (80 kb) with similar EcoRI and HindIII restriction patterns. This plasmid encodes an extended-spectrum β-lactamase which confers high-level resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and aztreonam. It produces SHV-5 β-lactamase, as demonstrated by isoelectric focusing and DNA sequencing. Aminoglycoside resistance was co-transferred, and AAC(6′)-I, mediating resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin and amikacin, and AAC(3)-I, mediating resistance to gentamicin and sisomycin, were encoded in all isolates and their transconjugants, while APH(3′)-I, mediating resistance to kanamycin and neomycin, was encoded in seven strains.Conclusions It appears that a multiresistant transferable plasmid encoding the SHV-5 β-lactamase, causing unusually high resistance to ceftazidime and aztreonam, and the combination AAC(6′)-I + AAC(3)-I of acetylating enzymes causing, also resistance to all clinically available aminoglycosides, is established in K. pneumoniae in Greece

First identification of an Escherichia coli clinical isolate producing both metalloβ-lactamase VIM-2 and extended-spectrum β-lactamase IBC-1

AbstractAn Escherichia coli strain with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems was isolated from a hospitalised patient in Athens, Greece. The strain was resistant to all β-lactams, including aztreonam, whereas the MIC of imipenem and meropenem was 0.5 mg/L. A positive EDTA-disk synergy test suggested the production of a metallo-β-lactamase. PCR experiments revealed the presence of the blaVIM-2, blaIBC-1 and blaTEM-1 genes. Resistance to β-lactams was not transferable by conjugation. This is the first report of a clinical isolate of E. coli producing VIM-2, and the first report of the coexistence of blaVIM-2 and blaIBC-1 in a single clinical isolate

Experimental Analysis on a Low Crested Rubble Mound Breakwater

In the present study, the flow induced by waves around a physical model of a detached low crested rubble mound breakwater is investigated experimentally. The model was designed with a scale factor of 1/30, parallel to the shoreline, in a coast of constant slope 1/15, assuming Froude similarity. For the design of the rock armor layer, the van der Meer\u27s hydraulic stability formula was applied. Two wave conditions were examined: one with an offshore wave height of 2 m (Case A) and one with the maximum annual characteristic offshore wave height (Case B), calculated in prototype scale. Measurements include surface elevation time series, as well as three-dimensional velocity time series of the flow around the model. Results include flow patterns on the seaward and leeward side of the breakwater for both wave conditions, as well as transmission and reflection coefficients. Along the leeward side, the current profiles have an offshore direction close to the bottom and a shoreward direction close to the free surface where the reduction of the water depth induced an acceleration of the flow, influenced by the overtopping. Transmission and reflection coefficients data were compared with literature equations. The comparison revealed that literature equations tended to underestimate the transmission coefficient due to the critical condition represented by a zero free-board breakwater. About the reflection coefficient, it was found that the literature equations tend to overestimate its value, possibly due to the fact that these formulas were obtained by experiments performed with emerged breakwaters

Shared visiting in Equator city

In this paper we describe an infrastructure and prototype system for sharing of visiting experiences across multiple media. The prototype supports synchronous co-visiting by physical and digital visitors, with digital access via either the World Wide Web or 3-dimensional graphics

Growth, herb yield and phytochemical contents in a medicinal herb Andrographis paniculata under saline irrigation.

Andrographis paniculata (King of bitters/Hempedu Bumi) is a traditional medicinal herb of family Acanthaceae. It is commonly used to cure a variety of ailments and diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the herb yield and phytochemical contents in two germplasm accessions of Malaysian A. paniculata, viz. 11261 and 11265, grown with different quality of irrigation water, that fresh (EC iw 0.12 dS m -1) and saline (EC iw 2.5 and 5.0 dS m -1). Just before blooming, the plants were harvested to record data on six basic traits, including plant height, length and width of main-stem leaves, length and number of primary branches plant-1 and dry herbage yield (plant-1). Concentrations of Na + and K +, coupled with K +/Na + ratio, were determined in the cell sap extracted from the top fully matured leaves. Phytochemicals, viz. Andrographolide (AG), Neoandrographolide (NAG) and 14-deoxy-11, 12- didehydroandrographolide (DDAG), were determined in the dry matter of aerial parts using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). No significant changes in plant growth and dry herbage yield (plant-1) were observed with 2.5 EC iw (dS m -1) water, compared to 5.0 EC iw water, where reductions in same indices were >13% and statistically significant. Adverse effects of water salinity on growth and dry herbage yield can be attributed with significantly higher concentration of Na + and lower concentration of K + and lower K +/Na + ratio in the leaf sap. Phytochemical contents in dry matter were generally unaffected by water salinity. With the exception of Na + concentration in leaf sap, response of both accessions to saline irrigation was similar. These results suggest that both accessions exhibited good potential to withstand to salty water environment and produce considerably high amount of phytochemicals under both normal as well as saline irrigation conditions

Seed storage protein polymorphism in ten elite rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes of Sindh

Seed protein profiling is the most promising tool in determining the molecular polymorphism and genetic homology. Seed storage proteins help in cultivar identification by avoiding the external environmental influences. Electrophoretically detectable proteins in rice grains possess the potential of characterizing the germplasms by their taxonomic and evolutionary aspects. This study was aimed at exploiting the genetic variations among ten elite rice genotypes of Sindh through  electrophoretical separation of grain proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacryamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE). In conclusion, the investigation revealed negligible polymorphism, with reference to the total seed protein profiles, among the rice genotypes of Sindh, Pakistan used in this study. Hence, it is highly important to include a significant number of rice genotypes to explore their existing genotypic diversity for future rice breeding programs. The SDS-PAGE in combination with 2-D electrophoresis is further suggested for documenting contrasting variations of isoforms of protein peptides.Key words: Seed storage proteins, polymorphism, Oryza sativa, Sindh, SDS-PAG

Antifungal potential of essential oils, aqueous and ethanol extracts of thirteen plants against Fusarium oxysporum f . sp Lycopersici and Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) de Bary as major tomato pathogens

Antifungal activity of essential oils (EO), ethanol extracts (ETE) and cold water extracts (CWE) of thirteen plants was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophtora infestans causal agents of tomato Fusarium wilt and late blight diseases respectively. The supplemented media and slide germination techniques were carried out to determine the effect of extracts on the mycelial growth and conidia germination of pathogens. The results showed that essential oils exhibited the highest antifungal activity followed by ETE and CWE. Callistemon citrinus, Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum essential oils were the most active inhibiting completely radial growth and conidia germination of Phytophtora infestans at 312.5 and 625 µg/ml. Essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum and Cymbopogon citratus inhibited totally the radial growth and conidia germination of Fusarium oxysporum at 625 and 312.5 µg/ml respectively. ETE of Ageratum conyzoides and Callistemon citrinus were the most active inhibiting radial growth of Phytophtora infestans. Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum were the most active against radial growth and conidia germination of Fusarium oxysporum at 6250 µg/ml. The fungi toxic potential of some extracts was comparable to synthetic fungicides used as positive controls. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ETE and CWE revealed that stronger inhibiting effects were recorded with extracts rich in phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and coumarins. These findings may contribute to develop new green fungicides to protect tomato from Fusarium wilt and late blight diseases

Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with morbidity and mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease: insights from the EUCLID trial

Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of developing lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) and suffering PAD-related morbidity and mortality. However, the effect and burden of COPD on patients with PAD is less well defined. This post hoc analysis from EUCLID aimed to analyze the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE) in patients with PAD and concomitant COPD compared with those without COPD, and to describe the adverse events specific to patients with COPD. Methods: EUCLID randomized 13,885 patients with symptomatic PAD to monotherapy with either ticagrelor or clopidogrel for the prevention of MACE. In this analysis, MACE, MALE, mortality, and adverse events were compared between groups with and without COPD using unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Of the 13,883 patients with COPD status available at baseline, 11% (n=1538) had COPD. Patients with COPD had a higher risk of MACE (6.02 vs 4.29 events/100 patient-years; p< 0.001) due to a significantly higher risk of myocardial infarction (MI) (3.55 vs 1.85 events/100 patient-years; p< 0.001) when compared with patients without COPD. These risks persisted after adjustment (MACE: adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11– 1.52; p< 0.001; MI: aHR 1.45, 95% CI 1.18– 1.77; p< 0.001). However, patients with COPD did not have an increased risk of MALE or major bleeding. Patients with COPD were more frequently hospitalized for dyspnea and pneumonia (2.66 vs 0.9 events/100 patient-years; aHR 2.77, 95% CI 2.12– 3.63; p< 0.001) and more frequently discontinued study drug prematurely (19.36 vs 12.54 events/100 patient-years; p< 0.001; aHR 1.34, 95% CI 1.22– 1.47; p< 0.001). Conclusion: In patients with comorbid PAD and COPD, the risks of MACE, respiratory-related adverse events, and premature study drug discontinuation were higher when compared with patients without COPD. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01732822

Association of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights from the EUCLID Trial

Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of developing lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) and suffering PAD-related morbidity and mortality. However, the effect and burden of COPD on patients with PAD is less well defined. This post hoc analysis from EUCLID aimed to analyze the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE) in patients with PAD and concomitant COPD compared with those without COPD, and to describe the adverse events specific to patients with COPD.Methods: EUCLID randomized 13,885 patients with symptomatic PAD to monotherapy with either ticagrelor or clopidogrel for the prevention of MACE. In this analysis, MACE, MALE, mortality, and adverse events were compared between groups with and without COPD using unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazards model.Results: Of the 13,883 patients with COPD status available at baseline, 11% (n=1538) had COPD. Patients with COPD had a higher risk of MACE (6.02 vs 4.29 events/100 patient-years; pConclusion: In patients with comorbid PAD and COPD, the risks of MACE, respiratory-related adverse events, and premature study drug discontinuation were higher when compared with patients without COPD.</div