Lekcje życia w polskich szkołach: postawy nauczycieli wobec dziewcząt i chłopców

The aim of the study was to analyse teachers’ interactions with students in order to track the differences in the messages given to pupils depending on their gender, and to study the opinions of students about the behaviour of their teachers. As part of the research, 34 hours of lessons (divided into 17 hours of mathematics and 17 hours of Polish language lessons) were observed. Additionally, the opinions of 68 students (34 girls and 34 boys) were analysed. The study employs mixed methods of data analysis (Stromquist 2007), combining a qualitative approach based on elements of grounded theory (Glaser, Strauss 2017) with quantitative comparisons of the frequency of the teacher’s behavior, using χ2 tests. The results indicate the differing nature of teachers’ interactions with girls and boys; the number of interactions and their quality are more favourable in the case of boys. Girls are more often overlooked, and their achievements and contributions are less frequently noticed. In addition, students are aware of the differences in how they are treated by their teachers, pointing out, inter alia, to the importance of providing equal treatment to all students.Celem badania była analiza interakcji nauczycieli z uczniami w celu prześledzenia różnic w przekazywanych komunikatach w zależności od płci ucznia oraz analiza opinii uczniów na temat zachowania nauczycieli. Obserwowano 34 godziny lekcji, czyli 17 godzin matematyki i 17 godzin lekcji języka polskiego. Dodatkowo przeanalizowano opinie 68 uczniów, 34 dziewcząt i 34 chłopców. W badaniu wykorzystano mieszane metody analizy danych (Stromquist 2007), łącząc podejście jakościowe oparte na elementach teorii ugruntowanej (Glaser, Strauss 2017) oraz ilościowe porównania częstotliwości zachowań nauczyciela z wykorzystaniem testów χ2. Wyniki wskazują na różny charakter interakcji nauczycieli z dziewczętami i chłopcami; liczba interakcji i ich jakość są korzystniejsze w przypadku chłopców. Dziewczęta są częściej pomijane, a ich osiągnięcia i wkład są rzadziej dostrzegane. Ponadto uczniowie są świadomi różnic w sposobie traktowania przez nauczyciela, podkreślając m.in. znaczenie równego traktowania wszystkich uczniów

Temperature-responsive Polymer Membranes by Integration of “Nanoparticle Heaters”

Membranen haben seit Jahrzehnten einen wichtigen Platz in der Separationstechnologie erlangt. Die Forschung beschränkt sich nicht nur auf die Entwicklung neuer Membranmaterialien, sondern insbesondere auf die Modifizierung der Oberflächeneigenschaften, um bereits vorhandene Membranen zu verbessern und neue Anwendungsfelder zu erschließen. Die Forschung im Bereich der Nanowissenschaft ist dagegen relativ neu. Es beschäftigen sich inzwischen jedoch zahlreiche Forschungsgruppen sehr intensiv mit der Nanotechnologie, da die kleinen Partikel aufgrund ihrer Größe spezielle Eigenschaften aufweisen, welche den Zugang zu vollkommen neuen Technologien eröffnen und zur Verbesserung vieler Materialen in unterschiedlichen Bereichen beitragen. Die Kombination von magnetischen Nanopartikeln (NP) mit Membranen ist relativ neu und weitgehend unerforscht. Durch die Integrierung von Nanopartikeln in Polymermembranen können nicht nur die Membranen hinsichtlich ihrer Leistung und Lebensdauer verbessert, sondern auch neue Funktionalitäten durch die Synergien der Materialien generiert werden. In dieser Arbeit wurden im ersten Schritt superparamagnetische Fe3O4 NP auf der Oberfläche einer Polyethylenterephthalat-Kernspur-Membran (PET-KS-M; Porengröße: 120 nm, 151 nm, 630 nm, 1501 nm) immobilisiert. Die Spins dieser NP rotieren in einem hochfrequenten Wechselmagnetfeld und erzeugen dadurch Wärme. Im zweiten Schritt wurde auf diese NP Membran das temperatur-responsive Poly(N isopropylacrylamid) (PNIPAAm) aufgepropft. PNIPAAm ändert in Abhängigkeit der Temperatur seine Struktur, unter 32 °C hat es hydrophile Ketten und über 32 °C kollabiert die Struktur und weist einen hydrophoben Charakter auf. Mit dieser Hybridmembran bestehend aus NP und PNIPAAm gelang es durch ein hochfrequentes Magnetfeld die Membranporengröße von außen lokal zu steuern. Die Fe3O4 NP sind mit einer Schicht Ölsäure, sowie einer Außenschale eines amphiphilen Polymers funktionalisiert und weisen dadurch reaktive Carboxylgruppen auf der Oberfläche auf. Um diese NP kovalent an die PET-KS-M Membran zu binden, wurde die Membran vor der NP Immobilisierung aminiert. Dadurch konnte eine Peptidbindung zwischen NP und Membran generiert werden. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass erst durch die Zugabe von NaCl zur NP Dispersion die Immobilisierung in den Membranporen ermöglicht wurde, da die NP zuvor nicht in die Poren hinein diffundiert sind. Untersuchungen zeigten, dass eine erfolgreiche NP Immobilisierung auf die äußere und innere Membranoberfläche von der NaCl Konzentration und der NP Größe (15 nm, 25 nm, 40 nm) abhängt. Weiterhin erwiesen sich die NP als stabil auf die Membran immobilisiert. Diese bedeckten die Membranoberfläche nach dem ersten Immobilisierungsschritt in einer dichten, monolagigen Schicht. Um die NP Menge auf der Membran zu erhöhen und somit eine stärkere Gesamtwärmebildung auf der Membran zu erzeugen, wurden weitere NP Schichten durch Tetraethylenpentamin oder Polymerelektrolyt Zwischenschichten auf die erste NP Schicht immobilisiert. Die Oberflächenfunktionalisierung der Membran mit PNIPAAm wurde durch photo-initiiertes „grafting from“ durchgeführt. Bei diesem Verfahren werden die Polymerketten von der Membranoberfläche initiiert. Um Startradikale auf der Membranoberfläche durch UV Strahlung und weiterhin eine erfolgreiche PNIPAAm Funktionalisierung mit einer guten Schaltbarkeit der Poren zu erzeugen, wurde auf die NP Membranen ein anderer Photiinitiator als auf die Basisembran ohne NP adsorbiert. Der für die NP Membranen eingesetzte kationische Makroinitiator wurde gut auf der Membranoberfläche adsorbiert und stellte sich als guter Startradikalbildner durch die auftreffenden UV-Strahlung heraus. Bei Verwendung kleinerer Initiatormoleküle wurde die Strahlung durch die braunen NP adsorbiert und somit die Strahlungsenergie soweit geschwächt, dass keine Radikale erzeugt werden konnten. Die 40 nm NP zeigten eine stärkere Wärmebildung bei gleichen Magnetfeldeinstellungen, als die 15 nm und 25 nm NP. Außerdem wurde bei der Untersuchung des Wärmebildungseffektes der NP eine unspezifische Erwärmung von Wasser festgestellt. Diese trägt jedoch zur Gesamterwärmung der Membran bei und ist in Zusammenhang mit der NP Wärmebildung als Vorteil für die äußere Steuerung der Porengröße der Hybridmembran anzusehen. Die Erwärmung von Wasser erwies sich als stromabhängig und die Wärmeerzeugung durch die NP als frequenzabhängig. Je höher die eingestellte Stromstärke des Magnetfeldes ist, desto stärker die Wassererwärmung. Analog gilt für die NP, dass die Wärmebildung mit steigender Frequenz stärker ist. Die Hybridmembranen, deren Oberfläche mit einer Monoschicht von 40 nm großen NP bedeckt ist, erwiesen sich durch ein hochfrequentes Magnetfeld als von außen schaltbar. Dabei konkurriert die Erwärmung des Systems mit der konvektiven Kühlung durch das Einströmen des kalten Feeds in die Membranporen. Durch die konvektive Kühlung konnte ein kleinerer Schalteffekt der NP Membran als durch direkte Erwärmung des Feeds erzielt werden. Um den Effekt der konvektiven Kühlung in Relation zu der Systemerwärmung zu reduzieren, sollten mehr und eventuell größere NP auf die Membran immobilisiert und höhere Frequenzen des Magnetfeldes eingestellt werden. In dieser Arbeit konnte die Herstellung von schaltbaren NP Polymerhybridmembranen erfolgreich realisiert werden. Weiterhin konnte die Kontrolle der Membranporengröße durch ein hochfrequentes magnetisches Feld und die temperatur-responsiven Eigenschaften des Polymers PNIPAAm deutlich demonstriert werden.Polymeric membranes play a central role in reaction engineering and various separation applications such as water treatment and purification or medical devices. The research takes not only care of the development of new membrane materials but especially of the modification of membrane surface properties. Thus membranes can be improved and new applications developed. So far, the use of magnetic nanoparticles (NP) in membrane technology is still relatively new and interactions between such NP and separation membranes are essentially unexplored. By the integration of NP in polymeric membranes it is possible to create new functionalities based on the synergies of the materials. Via a well-defined composition consisting of a porous membrane, magnetic NP and a stimulus-responsive polymer, a system can be developed where the barrier and separation properties can be externally (remote) controlled and switched. In this project, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) track-etched membrane (pore diameter 630 nm) with integrated Fe3O4 NP (diameters 15, 25, or 40 nm) which is also functionalised with temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) is created. PNIPAAm exhibits a lower critical solution temperature at 32 °C, i.e., below 32 °C PNIPAAm is swollen and hydrophilic and above 32 °C collapsed and relatively hydrophobic. By their characteristic superparamagnetic behaviour, Fe3O4 NP can generate heat when stimulated with a high frequency (> 200 kHz) magnetic field. The hybrid system (magnetic NP, PET TEM, PNIPAAm) can thus be controlled externally, i.e., effective membrane pore size can be switched by the magnetic field due to the temperature-responsive properties of PNIPAAm. The Fe3O4 NP are functionalised with a oleic acid layer and with an outer layer of a amphiphilic polymer with reactive carboxylic groups at the surface. The integration of NP is realized by peptide coupling between the carboxylic groups of the NP and PET Membrane prefunctionalised with surface amino groups. Thus a peptide bond was generated which allows a stable NP immobilisation on the membrane surface. Thereby it was noticed that first by adding NaCl to the dispersion the immobilisation could successfully carry out in the membrane pores. Before, the NP do not diffuse into the pores and only the outer membrane surface was covered by NP. Studies showed a dependency of the NaCl concentration and NP size on a successful NP immobilization on the inner and outer membrane surface. The stable immobilied NP covered the membrane surface as a dense monolayer. To increase the NP amount on the membrane and therefore get a stronger overall heat generation, further NP layers were immobilised by tetraethylenpentamin or polymer electrolyte inside layers. Pore surface functionalisation with PNIPAAm was obtained via photo-initiated “grafting from”. In this method the polymer chains were initiated from the membrane surface. To generate starter radicals at the membrane by UV light different photo initiators were used. In this process it was confirmed that a macroinitiator is more suitable for a successful PNIPAAm functionalisation on NP membranes like suitable initiators for the base membrane without NP. In comparison, when using small initiator molecules, the UV irradiation was extenuated by adsorption via the brown NP, so that no radicals could be generated. The 40 nm NP showed a stronger heat generation at the same magnetic field conditions, comparing with the 15 nm and 25 nm NP. Besides the specific NP heating effect an unspecific heating effect of water was also discovered. However, this contributes to the overall membrane heating and is an advantage for the external pore size control of the hybrid membrane. It is also found that the heating of water depends on the current of the magnetic field and the heating of NP depends on the frequency of the magnetic field. With higher current of the magnetic field the water heating increase and analogue for the NP the heating increase with a higher frequency. The hybrid membranes covered with a monolayer NP showed to be externally switchable via a high frequency magnetic field. Therefore the heating of the system competes with the convective cooling by streaming of the cold feed in the membrane pores. Because of the convective cooling a smaller switch effect like by direct feed heating was obtained. To reduce effects of the convective cooling in relation to the heating of the system, more and bigger NP should be immobilised on the membrane and higher frequencies of the magnetic field should be applied. The production of switchable NP polymer hybrid membranes has been realized successfully in this work. Also the external control of the membrane pore size via a high frequency magnetic field and by the temperature-responsive properties of the polymer PNIPAAm has been shown clearly

Use of Hydrothermal Carbonization and Cold Atmospheric Plasma for Surface Modification of Brewer’s Spent Grain and Activated Carbon

This paper presents results that show the effect of hydrothermal carbonization and subsequent cold plasma jet treatment with helium and argon on the structure and sorption properties of a material—spent brewery grain. Treatment of activated carbon, with a cold atmospheric plasma jet, was used comparatively. The effect of activation on the pore structure of the materials was carried out by the volumetric method at low pressure (N2, 77 K). The specific surface area as well as the total pore volume, average pore size, and pore size distribution were determined using different theoretical models. A high improvement in the sorption capacity parameter was obtained for hydrochars after cold atmospheric plasma jet treatment with an increase of 7.5 times (using He) and 11.6 times (using Ar) compared with hydrochars before cold atmospheric plasma jet treatment. The increase in specific surface area was five-fold (He) and fifteen-fold (Ar). For activated carbon, such a large change was not obtained after plasma activation. Regardless of the gas used, the increase in structural parameter values was 1.1–1.3

Niespokrewnieni dawcy komórek macierzystych — motywacja i satysfakcja w procesie donacji komórek krwiotwórczych

Background. Poland has the most rapidly growing population of registered stem cell donors worldwide. The aim of the study was the analysis of motivation, ways of recruitment, major side effects and general satisfaction related to donation process among unrelated hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) donors at a major stem cell facility in Poland. Material and methods. The prospective study was based on data from online questionnaire completed by unrelated HSC donors — before and after donation. The study included 109 questionnaires completed prior to donation and 80 questionnaires completed after donation. Results. The wish to help others was motivation for registration in 84% of the donors. The most common recruitment site were local actions (49%), the Internet however has also become a major source of registration — 42% of donors were recruited through the Internet based service. The most common side effects or general discomforts related to donation as reported by donors were: G-CSF injections (45%) and duration of the procedure (29%) in the case of peripheral blood stem cell donors (PBSC) and in the case of bone marrow harvest in general anesthesia — weakness after donation (27%), duration of hospital stay (27%) as well as pain after intubation (18%). Pain related to G-CSF mobilization procedure was higher than that reported after bone marrow harvest (1.51 vs 0.67; p = 0,83). Only 6% PBSC donors regarded this pain as significant compared to 9% of marrow donors. Conclusion. The outcome of the study provides a positive overview of stem cell donation in Poland. Stem cell donors report satisfaction with information provided by health care personnel on recruitment, qualification and donation procedure, the procedure-related side effects and discomforts are few and the sense of contentment and satisfaction is high.Wstęp. W ostatnich latach polski rejestr niespokrewnionych dawców komórek krwiotwórczych był najszybciej rozwijającym się rejestrem w skali świata. Celem niniejszej pracy jest analiza procesu rekrutacji i pobierania komórek macierzystych od dawców. Analizę tę przeprowadzono w największym ośrodku pobierającym w Polsce — w Samodzielnym Publicznym Centralnym Szpitalu Klinicznym. Materiał i metody. Przeprowadzono badanie ankietowe online wśród niespokrewnionych dawców komórek krwiotwórczych przed donacją i po. Łącznie dawcy wypełnili 109 kwestionariuszy przed donacją i 80 kwestionariuszy po donacji. Wyniki. Chęć niesienia pomocy drugiemu człowiekowi była głównym powodem rejestracji dla 84% dawców. Najczęściej rekrutowano ich podczas lokalnych akcji (49% dawców) i przez Internet — poprzez kwestionariusze dostępne w sieci (42%). Najczęściej zgłaszanymi przez dawców niedogodnościami związanymi z pobraniem komórek były: konieczność wykonywania zastrzyków czynnika wzrostu granulocytów (45%) i czas trwania procedury (29%) — wśród dawców komórek krwiotwórczych z krwi obwodowej — oraz osłabienie po pobraniu (27%), konieczność pobytu w szpitalu (27%) i ból gardła po intubacji (18%) związane z pobraniem szpiku w znieczuleniu ogólnym. Natężenie bólu zgłaszanego przez dawców w trakcie pobrania komórek z krwi obwodowej było większe niż u dawców po pobraniu szpiku, ale nie była to różnica istotna statystycznie (1,51 vs 0,67; p = 0,83). Tylko 6% dawców komórek z krwi obwodowej uważało ten ból za istotny w porównaniu do 9% dawców, od których pobierano szpik. Wnioski. Wyniki pracy pokazują pozytywny obraz donacji komórek krwiotwórczych. Zadowolenie z otrzymanych informacji w trakcie rekrutacji, kwalifikacji i donacji, mała liczba niekorzystnych doświadczeń dawców oraz ogólne zadowolenie z przebiegu donacji przyczyniają się do kształtowania pozytywnego obrazu dawstwa i przeszczepiania szpiku w Polsce

High efficacy and safety of VTD as an induction protocol in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma eligible for high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation : a report of the Polish Myeloma Study Group

The present retrospective analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of the VTD (bortezomib, thalidomide, dexamethasone) regimen in 205 newly‑diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma (MM) eligible for high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT/ASCT) in routine clinical practice. With a median of 6 cycles (range, 1‑8), at least partial response was achieved in 94.6% and at least very good partial response (VGPR) was achieved in 67.8% of patients. Peripheral neuropathy (PN) grade 2‑4 was observed in 28.7% of patients. In 72% of patients undergoing stem cell mobilization one apheresis allowed the number of stem cells sufficient for transplantation to be obtained. Following HDT/ASCT the sCR rate increased from 4.9 to 14.4% and CR from 27.8 to 35.6%. The results demonstrated that VTD as an induction regimen was highly efficient in transplant eligible patients with MM with increased at least VGPR rate following prolonged treatment (≥6 cycles). Therapy exhibited no negative impact on stem cell collection, neutrophils and platelets engraftment following ASCT. Therapy was generally well tolerated and PN was the most common reason of dose reduction or treatment discontinuation

Pluralizm prawny. Tradycja, transformacje, wyzwania, 510 s.

Książka poświęcone tradycji, współczesności i prognozowanej przyszłości zjawiska pluralizmu prawnego. Fenomen ten został w ukazany z różnych punktów widzenia - towarzyszących mu prądów ideowych, uwarunkowań politycznych, ekonomicznych, a także zmieniającego się technicznego otoczenia życia społeczeństw, szczególnie nowych systemów masowej, horyzontalnej i wertykalnej komunikacji

Clinical features, etiology, and survival in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy: A single-center experience

Background: Numerous prognostic factors have been proposed for cardiac amyloidosis (CA). The knowledge about other subtypes of restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is scant.Aims: This study aimed to elucidate the etiology and prognostic factors of RCM as well as assess cardiac biomarkers: high-sensitive troponin T (hs-TnT), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2, as mortality predictors in RCM.Methods: We enrolled 36 RCM patients in our tertiary cardiac department. All patients were screened for CA. Genetic testing was performed in 17 patients without CA.Results: Pathogenic or likely pathogenic gene variants were found in 86% of patients, including 5 novel variants. Twenty patients died, and 4 had a heart transplantation during the study. Median overall survival was 29 months (8–55). The univariate Cox models analysis indicated that systolic and diastolic blood pressure, GDF-15, hs-TnT, NT-proBNP, left ventricular stroke volume, the ratio of the transmitral early peak velocity (E) estimated by pulsed wave Doppler over the early mitral annulus velocity (e’), tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion, early tricuspid valve annular systolic velocity, the presence of pulmonary hypertension, and pericardial effusion influenced survival (P <0.05). A worse prognosis was observed in patients with GDF-15 >1316 pg/ml, hs-TnT >42 ng/l, NT-proBNP >3383 pg/ml, and pericardial effusion >3.5 mm (Kaplan-Meier analysis, log-rank test, P <0.001).Conclusions: Genetic testing should be considered in every RCM patient where light-chain amyloidosis has been excluded. Survival remains poor regardless of etiology. Increased concentrations of GDF-15, hs-TNT, NT-proBNP, and pericardial effusion are associated with worse prognosis. Further studies are warranted

Diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes in Poland: Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG) 2021 recommendations

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic cells manifested by ineffective hematopoiesis and a tendency to transform into acute myeloid leukemia. MDS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cytopenia, especially in the elderly. This article presents the recommendations of MDS experts of the Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG) for the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes. We present current classifications and prognostic indices, as well as diagnostic examinations recommended for MDS: cytological, histopathological, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular tests. The aim of the study is to implement up-to-date knowledge about myelodysplastic syndromes into routine clinical practice, from the diagnosis of cytopenia to the specific diagnosis and prognosis in MDS patients.  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic cells manifested by ineffective hematopoiesis and a tendency to transform into acute myeloid leukemia. MDS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cytopenia, especially in the elderly. This article presents the recommendations of MDS experts of the Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG) for the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes. We present current classifications and prognostic indices, as well as diagnostic examinations recommended for MDS: cytological, histopathological, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular tests. The aim of the study is to implement up-to-date knowledge about myelodysplastic syndromes into routine clinical practice, from the diagnosis of cytopenia to the specific diagnosis and prognosis in MDS patients.

Analysis of ibrutinib efficacy in a subgroup of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with 17p deletion: observational study of the Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG)

BackgroundThe 17p deletion is regarded as the strongest poor prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Results of recently performed clinical trials have suggested that ibrutinib significantly improves the outcome in this patient group.AimThe study aimed at analyzing the efficacy and adverse events profile of ibrutinib monotherapy in CLL patients with 17p deletion treated in routine clinical practice outside clinical trials.Materials and MethodsClinical response and adverse events profile of ibrutinib monotherapy were assessed in thirty-five CLL patients with 17p deletion treated within the ibrutinib named patients program in Poland.ResultsOverall response rate was 80% (28/35 patients) with median observation time of 24.2 months (range 0,1 – 30,9). Complete remission was observed in 5 patients (14.3%), partial remission in 11 (31.4%), partial remission with lymphocytosis in 13 (37.1%), whereas stable disease and progression was noted in 4 (11.4%) and 1 (2.9%) respectively. Response was not assessed in 1 patient. Median progression-free survival was 29.5 months, whereas median overall survival was not reached. Eleven patients died (7 because of infection, 1 of CLL progression, 1 of sudden cardiac death, 1 of disseminated breast cancer and 1 of unknown causes). In 13 patients (37.1%) at least one 3 or 4 grade adverse event occurred. In 11 patients (31.4%) the treatment was temporary withheld or the dose reduced due to adverse events.ConclusionIbrutinib is characterized by high clinical efficacy and acceptable toxicity in CLL patients with 17p deletion in daily clinical practice