El principio de oportunidad en la Reforma Procesal Penal.

71 p.El objetivo principal del estudio es dimensionar la importancia de nuestra institución: El principio de oportunidad, y su rol en la Reforma Procesal Penal. Los objetivos específicos están orientados a conocer las facultades de los fiscales en el ejercicio de la acción penal, los criterios de selectividad usados, un análisis de las causales que permiten su aplicación y establecer en forma precisa los medios de control a que se encuentra sujeta la facultad de los fiscales. La metodología utilizada corresponde a la dogmática – formalista, donde cada capítulo tiene una directa relación con lo anteriormente planteado, en forma deductiva, presentando los temas generales hasta llegar a los aspectos específicos. La finalidad consistió en probar que el principio de oportunidad es una eficiente medida de política criminal para reducir la criminalidad primaria, a través del uso de criterios de selectividad, que permiten la eficiencia y economía en la administración de justicia

Association between School Membership and Substance Use among Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Substance use among adolescents is a major problem worldwide, producing many health and economic consequences. Even though there are well-known personal, familial, and social factors associated with drug use, less is known about the effect of school-related factors. School membership is a recognized variable affecting academic performance among students; however, its effect on substance use is less understood. AIMS: The primary aim of this study was to explore the association between school membership and cigarette, alcohol, and cannabis use among a representative sample of secondary students from municipal state-funded schools in Santiago of Chile, and secondly, to test the hypothesis that depressive or anxiety symptoms mediate this association. METHODS: A total of 2,508 students from 22 state-funded schools in Santiago, Chile, answered a questionnaire. This instrument included an abbreviated version of the psychological sense of school membership (PSSM), questions regarding the use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis and scales of psychological functioning (depression, anxiety, self-concept, and problem-solving). The association analyses were performed using adjusted regression models for each outcome using all independent variables while controlling for gender and age. For the mediation effect, a combination of ordinary least square and logistic regression analyses was conducted. RESULTS: There was an association between a strong PSSM and low risk for smoking (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.46-0.72), drinking (0.65; 95% CI: 0.51-0.83), and cannabis use (0.52; 95% CI 0.37-0.74). We also found that depressive and anxiety symptoms do not fully mediate the association between school membership and any substance use, and 73% of this effect in the case of smoking, 80% in the case of drinking, and 78.5% in the case of cannabis use, was direct. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in Latin America exploring the association between school membership and substance use among secondary students. School membership seems to be an important and independent factor to be included in preventive interventions. Therefore, these results support future research aiming to test interventions at increasing the sense of school membership to prevent substance use among adolescents. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN19466209. Retrospectively registered

Validation of the Spanish Version of the Psychological Sense of School Membership (PSSM) Scale in Chilean Adolescents and Its Association with School-Related Outcomes and Substance Use.

School membership appears to be an important factor in explaining the relationship between students and schools, including school staff. School membership is associated with several school-related outcomes, such as academic performance and expectations. Most studies on school membership have been conducted in developed countries. The Psychological Sense of School Membership (PSSM) scale (18 items: 13 positively worded items, 5 negatively worded items) has been widely used to measure this construct, but no studies regarding its validity and reliability have been conducted in Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. This study investigates the psychometric properties, factor structure and reliability of this scale in a sample of 1250 early adolescents in Chile. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses provide evidence of an excellent fit for a one-factor solution after removing the negatively worded items. The internal consistency of this new abbreviated version was 0.92. The association analyses demonstrated that high school membership was associated with better academic performance, stronger school bonding, a reduced likelihood of school misbehavior, and reduced likelihood of substance use. Analyses showed support for the reliability and validity of the PSSM among Chilean adolescents

Diseño, desarrollo e implementación de un sistema web para la gestión del proceso de postulación y realización de proyectos de reparación o ampliación de vivienda

208 p.En la presente memoria muestra el diseño, desarrollo e implementación de un sistema web, el cual es utilizado para la gestiçon de los procesos de postulación y realización de proyectos de reparación ampliación de vivienda, que se realizan en la empresa Planitec Ltda. Para esto se utilizó una metodología ágil de trabajo, denomina Feature Driven Development, la cual permite capturar y analizar los requerimientos de una forma eficaz y clara. También se da a conocer los pasos que existen al realizar algún proceso, juntos a los decretos con los cuales se trabajan. Además, se dan a conocer las iteraciones realizadas durante este desarrollo. Para finalizar se mostraran las pruebas realizadas al sistema y finalizando con los trabajos futuros. Para su desarrollo se utilizaron tecnologías como Flex, C# y MySQL, que permiten garantizar, en parte, la calidad de servicio. Se utiliza Flex para la elaboración de interfaces con alto contenido multimedia, que permite una mejor interacción con el usuario. Se utiliza C# para la elaboración de la lógica de controlador y MySQL para el almacenamiento de datos, basándose en la arquitectura de diseño MVC./ABSTRACT: This report displays the design, development and implementation of a web system, which is used for the management of the processes of application and implementation of projects to repair or expansion of housing in Planitec Ltda. An agile methodology of work used for this, called Feature Driven Development, which allows to capture and analyze the requirements of one is clear and effective. It also gives to know the steps that exist to perform some process, together to decrees with which we work. In addition, dan released during this development iterations. Finally be shown the system testing and ending with future work. For its development were used technologies such as Flex,Flex, C# y MySQL,that it can guarantee, in part, the quality of service. Flex is used for the development of interfaces with high multimedia content, allowing better interaction with the user.C# is used for the preparation of the logic of the controller and MySQL for data storage, based on the architecture of MVC design

Substance Use among Adolescents Involved in Bullying: A Cross-Sectional Multilevel Study.

Being involved in bullying as a victim or perpetrator could have deleterious health consequences. Even though there is some evidence that bullies and victims of bullying have a higher risk for drug use, less is known about bystanders. The aim of this research was to study the association between bullying experience (as victims, bullies, or bystanders) and substance use. We gathered complete information from a nationally representative sample of 36,687 students (51.4% female) attending 756 schools in Chile. We used a self-reported questionnaire which was developed based on similar instruments used elsewhere. This questionnaire was piloted and presented to an expert panel for approval. We used multilevel multivariate logistic regression analyses, controlling for several variables at the individual (e.g., school membership, parental monitoring) and school levels (e.g., school type, school denomination). This study shows that bullies and bully-victims have a high risk for cigarette, alcohol, and cannabis use than bystanders. This is one of the few studies exploring the association between witnessing bullying and substance use. These findings add new insights to the study of the co-occurrence of bullying and substance use. Other factors, such as higher academic performance, stronger school membership, and better parental monitoring reduced the risk of any substance use, while the experience of domestic violence and the perception of social disorganization in the neighborhood, increased the risk. These findings may help the design of preventive interventions

Stress Inversion in a Gelatin Box: Testing Eruptive Vent Location Forecasts With Analog Models

Assessing volcanic hazard in regions of distributed volcanism is challenging because of the uncertain location of future vents. A statistical-mechanical strategy to forecast such locations was recently proposed: here, we further develop and test it with analog models. We stress a gelatin block laterally and with surface excavations, and observe air-filled crack trajectories. We use the observed surface arrivals to sample the distributions of parameters describing the stress state of the gelatin block, combining deterministic crack trajectory simulations with a Monte Carlo approach. While the individual stress parameters remain unconstrained, we effectively retrieve their ratio and successfully forecast the arrival points of subsequent cracks

[The influence of parental healthy behaviors on healthy lifestyles of early adolescents].

BACKGROUND: Family behavior models may influence health promoting conducts among adolescents. AIM: To determine the association between health promoting behaviors among parents and healthy behaviors of early adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of the baseline assessment of a longitudinal study of early adolescents in the city of San Felipe, Region of Valparaiso, Chile. Parents and their teenage children, attending 5th to 7th grade, from ten municipal schools, participated in this study. Self-reported questionnaires were used to assess healthy lifestyles, answered separately by parents and their children. Univariable and multivariable ordinal logistic regression analyses with complete data were carried out, using the students� health promoting behaviors as dependent variables and the same behaviors among parents as the main predictors, controlling for other personal and family variables. RESULTS: We contacted 1,035 parents and 682 consented to participate along with 560 students. The mean age of adolescents was 11.5 ± 1.2 years (49% females) The mean age of parents was 39.8 ± 8.8 years and 90% were women. The parental behaviors associated with teenage health promoting behaviors were eating vegetables (odds ratio (OR) = 1.22, p < 0.05), having breakfast (OR = 1.27, p < 0.05), do stretching exercises every day (OR = 1.19, p < 0.05) and take some time for relaxation (OR = 1.24, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results show an association between healthy behaviors among parents and these behaviors among their adolescent offspring

[Tobacco smoking and mental health].

BACKGROUND: Smoking continues to be one of the most important health burdens worldwide. AIM: To describe smoking habits and associated risk factors in the population of Santiago, Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross sectional study of a representative sample of the population, from 16 to 64 years old, residents of Santiago, Chile (total population: 3,237,286). A structured interview that included questions about use of tobacco, the CIS-R interviews, used for common mental disorders, were applied. RESULTS: From the sample of 4,693 households, 3,870 people were interviewed (52.2% women, 47.8% men) and 10% refused. Forty percent of the population currently smoked (52.5% men, 47.8% women). "Being a current smoker" was associated with being younger than 55, male sex, and having a common mental disorder. DISCUSSION: Smoking is highly prevalent in Chile, as compared with developed countries and with some developing countries. Gender differences in use of tobacco have decreased. A higher risk of smoking for people with mental disorders is confirmed

Mental health among children and adolescents: Construct validity, reliability, and parent-adolescent agreement on the ‘Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire’ in Chile

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a screening tool used to measure psychological functioning among children and adolescents. It has been extensively used worldwide, but its psychometric properties, such as internal structure and reliability, seem to vary across countries. This is the first study exploring the construct validity and reliability of the Spanish version of SDQ among early adolescents (self-reported) and their parents in Latin America. A total of 1, 284 early adolescents (9–15 years) and their parents answered the SDQ. We also collected demographic variables. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the latent structure of the SDQ. We also used the multitrait-multimethod analysis to separate the true variance on the constructs from variance resulting from measurement methods (self-report vs. parent report), and evaluated the agreement between adolescents and their parents. We found that the original five-factor model was a good solution and the resulting sub-scales had good internal consistency. We also found that the self-reported and parental versions of SDQ provide different information, which are complementary and provide a better picture of the emotional, social, and conduct problems of adolescents. We have added evidence for the construct validity and reliability of the Spanish self-reported and parental SDQ versions in a Chilean sample

Mental health among children and adolescents: Construct validity, reliability, and parent-adolescent agreement on the 'Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire' in Chile.

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a screening tool used to measure psychological functioning among children and adolescents. It has been extensively used worldwide, but its psychometric properties, such as internal structure and reliability, seem to vary across countries. This is the first study exploring the construct validity and reliability of the Spanish version of SDQ among early adolescents (self-reported) and their parents in Latin America. A total of 1,284 early adolescents (9-15 years) and their parents answered the SDQ. We also collected demographic variables. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the latent structure of the SDQ. We also used the multitrait-multimethod analysis to separate the true variance on the constructs from variance resulting from measurement methods (self-report vs. parent report), and evaluated the agreement between adolescents and their parents. We found that the original five-factor model was a good solution and the resulting sub-scales had good internal consistency. We also found that the self-reported and parental versions of SDQ provide different information, which are complementary and provide a better picture of the emotional, social, and conduct problems of adolescents. We have added evidence for the construct validity and reliability of the Spanish self-reported and parental SDQ versions in a Chilean sample