Connection Management Access Protocol (CMAP) Specification

This document specifies a Connection Management Access Protocol (CMAP) for managing multipoint connectinos in high-speed packet switched networks. We target CMAP to networks employing the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) communication standard. We define a multipoint connection as a communication channel between two or more clients of the network, where all data sent by one client is received by all other clients who have elected to receive. A point-to-point connection is a special case of a multipoint connection involving only two clients. CMAP specifies the access procedures exercised by clients to create, modify and delete multipoint connections. once a connection is established, clients exchange data using protocols that are specified separately from CMAP. To establish a multipoint connection, a client first creates a call between itself and the network. The client creating a call is designated the owner of the call. Additional endpoints are added either by invitation from the owner, invitation from another client of the network, or by explicitely requesting to be added. These three modes are sufficient for supporting point-to-point communication (for example, a telephone call), many-to-many communication (for example, a conference call or data exchange), one-to-many communication (for example, broadcast video), and many-to0one communication (for example, distributed data collection)

Options for Affordable Fission Surface Power Systems

Fission surface power systems could provide abundant power anywhere on free surface of the moon or Mars. Locations could include permanently shaded regions on the moon and high latitudes on Mars. To be fully utilized; however, fission surface power systems must be safe, have adequate performance, and be affordable. This paper discusses options for the design and development of such systems

Options for Affordable Planetary Fission Surface Power Systems

Nuclear fission systems could serve as "workhorse" power plants for the Vision for Space Exploration. In this context, the "workhorse" power plant is defined as a system that could provide power anywhere on the surface of the moon or Mars, land on the moon using a Robotic Lunar Exploration Program (RLEP)-developed lander, and would be a viable, affordable option once power requirements exceed that which can be provided by existing energy systems

Development and validation of a score to identify in the Emergency Department patients who may benefit from a time-critical intervention: A cohort study

Background: Risk stratification methods developed on the basis of predicting illness severity are often used to prioritise patients on the basis of urgency. Illness severity and urgency may not be interchangeable. Severe illness places patients at risk of adverse outcome, but treatment is only urgent if adverse outcome can be prevented by time-sensitive treatment. We aimed to develop a score to identify patients in need of urgent treatment, on the basis of potential to benefit from time-sensitive intervention, and to compare this with a severity score identifying patients at high risk of death. Methods: A sequential cohort of adults presenting to one Emergency Department by ambulance and admitted to hospital was prospectively collected (2437 derivation, 2322 validation). Data on outcomes representing potential to benefit was collected retrospectively on a random subset (398 derivation, 227 validation). Logistic regression identified variables predictive of death and potential to benefit from urgent treatment. Results: Death was predicted using age, respiratory rate, diastolic blood pressure, oxygen saturations, temperature, GCS and respiratory disease (AUROC 0.84 (95% CI 0.8-0.89) derivation and 0.74 (0.69-0.81) validation), while potential to benefit was predicted by pulse, systolic blood pressure and GCS (AUROC 0.74 (0.67-0.80) derivation and 0.71 (0.59-0.82) validation). Conclusions: A score developed to predict the need for urgent treatment has a different composition to a score developed to predict illness severity, suggesting that triage methods based on predicting severity could lead to inappropriate prioritisation on the intended basis of urgency

Multipoint Connection Management In High Speed Networks

We describe our Connection Management Access Protocol (CMAP) for managing multipoint connections in highspeed packet switched networks. A multipoint connection is a communication channel between two or more clients of the network, where all data sent by one client is received by all other clients. A point-to-point connection is a special case of a multipoint connection involving only two clients. CMAP specifies the access procedures exercised by clients to create, manipulate, and delete multipoint connections. Once a connection is established, clients exchange data using protocols that are specified separately from CMAP. We target our protocol to Broadband Integrated Services Digital Networks (BISDNs) employing the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) communication standard. To establish a multipoint connection, a client first creates a call between itself and the network. The client creating a call is designated the owner of the call. Immediately after creation, the owner is the only en..