Modulation des réponses inflammatoires par les microparticules

Microvesicles (MVs), small membrane vesicles released from cells, have beneficial and/or deleterious effects in sepsis. We previously reported that non-muscle myosin light chain kinase (nmMLCK) deletion protects mice against endotoxic shock by reducing inflammation. Here, we evaluated the consequences of nmMLCK deletion on the phenotype and inflammatory effects of cell-derived MVs during endotoxic shock. nmMLCK deletion increased circulating levels of MVs. In nmMLCK-/- mice, platelet count was increased but the platelet ability to release MVs was reduced, and both leukocyte-derived MVs and leukocyte count were reduced. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of aorta was reduced in mice injected with MVs from nmMLCK+/+ (MVsnmMLCK+/+) but not from nmMLCK-/- mice (MVsnmMLCK-/-). In presence of lipopolysaccharide, MVsnmMLCK+/+ increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release by mouse aortic endothelial cells whereas MVsnmMLCK-/- enhanced anti-inflammatory secretome. Injection of MVsnmMLCK-/-, but not MVsnmMLCK+/+, prevented the increase of oxidative and nitrative stresses and reduced endothelial dysfunction in aorta from lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Altogether, nmMLCK plays an important role in cellular activation and release of circulating MVs. Moreover, nmMLCK deletion generates MVs with low inflammatory properties and high protective effects.Les microvésicules (MVs) sont des petites vésicules membranaires libérées par les cellules, ayant des effets bénéfiques et/ou délétères dans le sepsis. Nous avons déjà démontré que la délétion de l’isoforme non musculaire de la kinase de la chaîne légère de la myosine (MLCKnm) protège les souris contre le choc endotoxique en réduisant l'inflammation. Ici, nous avons évalué les conséquences de la délétion de MLCKnm sur le phénotype et les effets inflammatoires des MVs au cours du choc endotoxique. La délétion de MLCKnm augmente le taux circulant des MVs et ceux dérivées des cellules progénitrices. Les souris MLCKnm-/- présentent une augmentation du nombre des plaquettes, mais leurs capacité à libérer les MVs est réduite et une diminution du nombre des leucocytes et des MVs leucocytaires. Une diminution du relâchement de l’aorte a été observé chez les souris injectées avec des MVs dérivées des souris MLCKnm+/+ (MVsMLCKnm+/+), mais pas les MVs dérivées des souris MLCKnm-/- (MVsMLCKnm-/-). En présence de lipopolysaccharide (LPS), MVsMLCKnm+/+ augmentent la sécrétion des cytokines pro-inflammatoires par les cellules endothéliales de l’aorte de souris alors que les MVsMLCKnm-/- induisent la libération des cytokines anti-inflammatoires. L’injection des MVsMLCKnm-/-, prévient partiellement l'augmentation du stress oxydatif, nitrosatif, et la dysfonction endothéliale induites au niveau des souris par le LPS. Ces résultats montrent que MLCKnm joue un rôle important dans l'activation cellulaire, la libération des MVs, ainsi que le nombre des cellules circulantes. La délétion de MLCKnm permet de générer des MVs circulantes moins inflammatoires avec un potentiel protecteur

Modulation of inflammatory responses by microparticles

Les microvésicules (MVs) sont des petites vésicules membranaires libérées par les cellules, ayant des effets bénéfiques et/ou délétères dans le sepsis. Nous avons déjà démontré que la délétion de l’isoforme non musculaire de la kinase de la chaîne légère de la myosine (MLCKnm) protège les souris contre le choc endotoxique en réduisant l'inflammation. Ici, nous avons évalué les conséquences de la délétion de MLCKnm sur le phénotype et les effets inflammatoires des MVs au cours du choc endotoxique. La délétion de MLCKnm augmente le taux circulant des MVs et ceux dérivées des cellules progénitrices. Les souris MLCKnm-/- présentent une augmentation du nombre des plaquettes, mais leurs capacité à libérer les MVs est réduite et une diminution du nombre des leucocytes et des MVs leucocytaires. Une diminution du relâchement de l’aorte a été observé chez les souris injectées avec des MVs dérivées des souris MLCKnm+/+ (MVsMLCKnm+/+), mais pas les MVs dérivées des souris MLCKnm-/- (MVsMLCKnm-/-). En présence de lipopolysaccharide (LPS), MVsMLCKnm+/+ augmentent la sécrétion des cytokines pro-inflammatoires par les cellules endothéliales de l’aorte de souris alors que les MVsMLCKnm-/- induisent la libération des cytokines anti-inflammatoires. L’injection des MVsMLCKnm-/-, prévient partiellement l'augmentation du stress oxydatif, nitrosatif, et la dysfonction endothéliale induites au niveau des souris par le LPS. Ces résultats montrent que MLCKnm joue un rôle important dans l'activation cellulaire, la libération des MVs, ainsi que le nombre des cellules circulantes. La délétion de MLCKnm permet de générer des MVs circulantes moins inflammatoires avec un potentiel protecteur.Microvesicles (MVs), small membrane vesicles released from cells, have beneficial and/or deleterious effects in sepsis. We previously reported that non-muscle myosin light chain kinase (nmMLCK) deletion protects mice against endotoxic shock by reducing inflammation. Here, we evaluated the consequences of nmMLCK deletion on the phenotype and inflammatory effects of cell-derived MVs during endotoxic shock. nmMLCK deletion increased circulating levels of MVs. In nmMLCK-/- mice, platelet count was increased but the platelet ability to release MVs was reduced, and both leukocyte-derived MVs and leukocyte count were reduced. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of aorta was reduced in mice injected with MVs from nmMLCK+/+ (MVsnmMLCK+/+) but not from nmMLCK-/- mice (MVsnmMLCK-/-). In presence of lipopolysaccharide, MVsnmMLCK+/+ increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release by mouse aortic endothelial cells whereas MVsnmMLCK-/- enhanced anti-inflammatory secretome. Injection of MVsnmMLCK-/-, but not MVsnmMLCK+/+, prevented the increase of oxidative and nitrative stresses and reduced endothelial dysfunction in aorta from lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Altogether, nmMLCK plays an important role in cellular activation and release of circulating MVs. Moreover, nmMLCK deletion generates MVs with low inflammatory properties and high protective effects

Pericyte secretome

The role of pericytes seems to extend beyond their known function in angiogenesis, fibrosis and wound healing, blood-brain barrier maintenance, and blood flow regulation. More and more data are currently accumulating indicating that pericytes, uniquely positioned at the interface between blood and parenchyma, secrete a large plethora of different molecules in response to microenvironmental changes. Their secretome is tissue-specific and stimulus-specific and includes pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, growth factors, and extracellular matrix as well as microvesicles suggesting the important role of pericytes in the regulation of immune response and immune evasion of tumors. However, the angiogenic and trophic secretome of pericytes indicates that their secretome plays a role in physiological homeostasis but possibly also in disease progression or could be exploited for regenerative processes in the future. This book chapter summarizes the current data on the secretory properties of pericytes from different tissues in response to certain pathological stimuli such as inflammatory stimuli, hypoxia, high glucose, and others and thereby aims to provide insights into the possible role of pericytes in these conditions

An In Vitro Partial Lesion Model of Differentiated Human Mesencephalic Neurons : Effect of Pericyte Secretome on Phenotypic Markers

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterised by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Post-mortem data suggests that the loss of DA markers may long precede the cell death, leaving a window to rescue the DA phenotype. Screening for potential neuroprotective or restorative therapies, however, requires that partial lesions of DA neurons can be modelled in vitro. In order to establish a partial lesion model of DA neurons in vitro, we evaluated the effects of different exposure times to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the cell survival and DA marker expression using DA neurons derived from the Lund human mesencephalic (LUHMES) cell line. We show that 24-h incubation with 50 μM of MPP+ or 6-h incubation with 100 μM of 6-OHDA leads to a significant decrease in the protein expression of DA markers without affecting overall cell death, consistent with a mild DA lesion. Using conditioned medium of human brain–derived pericytes stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), we demonstrate a significant upregulation of DA markers. In conclusion, we provide an experimental model of an in vitro DA neuron partial lesion suitable to study different molecules and their potential neuroprotective or neurorestorative effects on the DA phenotype. We provide evidence that the secretome of brain pericytes stimulated via PDGF-BB/PDGFRβ affects DA marker expression and may represent one possible mechanism contributing to the neurorestoration previously observed in PD by this growth factor

The pericyte secretome : Potential impact on regeneration

Personalized and regenerative medicine is an emerging therapeutic strategy that is based on cell biology and biomedical engineering used to develop biological substitutes to maintain normal function or restore damaged tissues and organs. The secretory capacities of different cell types are now explored as such possible therapeutic regenerative agents in a variety of diseases. A secretome can comprise chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, but also extracellular matrix components, microvesicles and exosomes as well as genetic material and may differ depending on the tissue and the stimulus applied to the cell. With regard to clinical applications, the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is currently the most widely explored. However, other cell types such as pericytes may have similar properties as MSC and the potential therapeutic possibilities of these cells are only just beginning to emerge. In this review, we will summarize the currently available data describing the secretome of pericytes and its potential implications for tissue regeneration, whereby we especially focus on brain pericytes as potential new target cell for neuroregeneration and brain repair

Activation of Endothelial Pro-resolving Anti-Inflammatory Pathways by Circulating Microvesicles from Non-muscular Myosin Light Chain Kinase-Deficient Mice

International audienc

Pericytes secrete pro-regenerative molecules in response to platelet-derived growth factor-BB

Brain pericytes not only maintain the anatomical, biochemical and immune blood-brain barrier, but display features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. MSCs have pro-regenerative properties attributed to their secretome. However, whether also brain pericytes possess such pro-regenerative capacities is largely unknown. Here we characterize the secretome and microvesicle (MV) release of human brain pericytes mediated by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)/PDGF receptor beta (PDGFRβ) signalling. Upon PDGF-BB, pericytes release not only a plethora of growth factors and a panel of cytokines, but also MVs containing BDNF, FGFb, βNGF, VEGF and PLGF, a response that is specific for PDGFRβ signalling and activation of the ERK 1/2 pathway. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an activator of the innate immune system, stimulates the secretion of much higher amounts of mainly inflammatory cytokines and activates the NFκB pathway. Pericytes change their morphology and undergo opposite changes in surface marker expression, respectively. Our findings provide evidence that the secretome of human brain pericytes varies greatly depending on the exogenous stimulus. The differential secretory functions of pericytes may play an important role in either regulating neuroinflammation or contributing to neurorestoration and identify a possible new target cell for neuroregeneration

Brain pericyte activation occurs early in Huntington's disease

Microvascular changes have recently been described for several neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease (HD). HD is characterized by a progressive neuronal cell loss due to a mutation in the Huntingtin gene. However, the temporal and spatial microvascular alterations in HD remain unclear. Also, knowledge on the implication of pericytes in HD pathology is still sparse and existing findings are contradictory. Here we examine alterations in brain pericytes in the R6/2 mouse model of HD and in human post mortem HD brain sections. To specifically track activated pericytes, we crossbred R6/2 mice with transgenic mice expressing the Green fluorescent protein gene under the Regulator of G-protein signaling 5 (Rgs5) promoter. We demonstrate an increase in activated pericytes in the R6/2 brain and in post mortem HD brain tissue. Importantly, pericyte changes are already detected before striatal neuronal cell loss, weight loss or behavioural deficits occur in R6/2 mice. This is associated with vascular alterations, whereby striatal changes precede cortical changes. Our findings suggest that pericyte activation may be one of the initial steps contributing to the observed vascular modifications in HD. Thus, pericytes may constitute an important target to address early microvascular changes contributing to disease progression in HD

Modulation of progenitor cell phenotypes in high-fat diet mice: role of PPAR-alpha

National audienc

STAT3 precedes HIF1α transcriptional responses to oxygen and oxygen and glucose deprivation in human brain pericytes

Brain pericytes are important to maintain vascular integrity of the neurovascular unit under both physiological and ischemic conditions. Ischemic stroke is known to induce an inflammatory and hypoxic response due to the lack of oxygen and glucose in the brain tissue. How this early response to ischemia is molecularly regulated in pericytes is largely unknown and may be of importance for future therapeutic targets. Here we evaluate the transcriptional responses in in vitro cultured human brain pericytes after oxygen and/or glucose deprivation. Hypoxia has been widely known to stabilise the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α) and mediate the induction of hypoxic transcriptional programs after ischemia. However, we find that the transcription factors Jun Proto-Oncogene (c-JUN), Nuclear Factor Of Kappa Light Polypeptide Gene Enhancer In B-Cells (NFκB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) bind genes regulated after 2hours (hs) of omitted glucose and oxygen before HIF1α. Potent HIF1α responses require 6hs of hypoxia to substantiate transcriptional regulation comparable to either c-JUN or STAT3. Phosphorylated STAT3 protein is at its highest after 5 min of oxygen and glucose (OGD) deprivation, whereas maximum HIF1α stabilisation requires 120 min. We show that STAT3 regulates angiogenic and metabolic pathways before HIF1α, suggesting that HIF1α is not the initiating trans-acting factor in the response of pericytes to ischemia