CHARACTER OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOMATIC COEFFICIENTS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS THE 15-17 YEAR OLD ICE-HOCKEY PLAYERS

The somatic structure in the significant degree determines the possibilities of applying definite tactical solutions, he can limit or stimulate unreeling the competitor individual technique. Somatic conditions can be the limiter of the motor preparation and coordination. The aim of investigations was qualification of dependence between coefficients of the somatic parameters and coefficients of aerobic and anaerobic efficiency. In investigations participated hockey players of National Team Poland in the age from 15 to 17 years. Essential dependences stepped out between the coefficients of aerobic and anaerobic efficiency, and the coefficients of the somatic conditions counted from the value of mass and the length of the body. The number of appointed dependences is higher in hockey players team U18 in the comparison with hockey players team U15

Calculating lactate anaerobic thresholds in sports involving different endurance preparation

AbstractThe aim of this study was to establish the degree of similarity of exercise intensity values at the anaerobic threshold (AT) provided by five methods of lactate curve analysis, i.e., LTAT, LTloglog, 1 mmol AT, 4 mmol AT, and D-max. The pattern of similarities and differences was sought in athletes with varying levels of experience and sports skills, representing two disciplines with different prevailing types of power output during competition: on-road cycling (aerobic metabolism) and ice-hockey (anaerobic metabolism).All groups of athletes tested [Group 1: on-road cyclists (n = 19) at international sporting level (participants of the Olympic Games and World Championships); Group 2: on-road cyclists (n = 20) at national sporting level; Group 3: ice-hockey players (n = 24) at international sporting level (Polish National Team); and Group 4: ice-hockey players (n = 22) at international sporting level (Polish National Team U-20)] performed an incremental exercise.The greatest power values at the anaerobic threshold (PAT) were provided by the LTAT (221.93 ± 34.5 W) and 4 mmol AT (226.38 ± 32.33 W) methods, whereas the lowest were provided by the LTloglog (190.71 ± 25.92 W) method. The PAT produced by the LTloglog method was statistically significantly lower (p ≤ 0.001) than the values provided by LTAT, 4 mmol AT, and Dmax. The PAT levels were found to be statistically significantly different for power values determined using the 4 mmol AT and those produced by the 1 mmol AT (p ≤ 0.001) and D-max (p ≤ 0.01) methods. As shown by the analyses, PAT values vary in the international-level on-road cyclists depending on the method of lactate curve analysis applied

A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR CALCULATING LACTATE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLDS IN JUDO AND MIXED MARTIAL ARTS ATHLETES

The study aimed to determine the differences between exercise intensities at the anaerobic threshold values (VAT) calculated with methods of lactate curve analysis such as LTvisual, LTloglog, LT4.0, LTΔ1, and LTD-max, and to build regression equations that allow athletic training specialists to compare VAT values obtained from LTvisual, LTloglog, LTΔ1, LTD-max with that calculated with LT4.0. The sample analysed during the study consisted of 19 judoka and 22 MMA practitioners in a preparation period for competition. Each of the two disciplines has its own hierarchy of VAT values. The analysis aimed to determine the effect of the athletic discipline factor and of the method factor on VAT values. Results: The coefficient of variation (CV) values obtained indicate that the effective exercise intensities have bigger variation in judoka aerobic endurance training. VAT values assessed for judoka using different methods for analysing the blood lactate concentration curve are more consistent than in MMA competitors. Conclusions: Judo and MMA competitors have their specific hierarchies of running velocities at the anaerobic threshold, with both the athletic discipline factor and the method factor having an interaction effect on the VAT level. VAT levels assessed from the different methods used to analyse the blood lactate concentration curve are more consistent (ANOM) in judoka than in MMA practitioners

RELATIONSHIPS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST RESULTS AND PLAYER PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN NATIONAL-LEVEL ICE HOCKEY PLAYERS

The aim of the study is to identify the relationships of the results of the physiological and anthropometric tests and special on-ice fitness tests with individual player performance indicators during matches of the Poland men's national ice hockey team played during the U18 Ice Hockey World Championship. A total of 20 hockey players (forwards, n=12 and defensemen, n=8) of the Poland men's national ice hockey team were included in this study. All participants were performed a battery tests including maximal aerobic capacity, Wingate test, Repeated-Skate Sprint test and vertical jump test. Pearson correlations were used to examine any differences in all measures and +/– score. Only the fatigue index calculated from the repeated-skate sprint test was significantly correlated with absolute +/– score (r=0.47, p0.05). The result of the aerobic capacity test, expressed by means of the oxygen intake value (V̇O2max), despite being statistically insignificant, reached the value of r=0.42. The results of this study suggest that game performance as indicated by the +/– score can be predicted by the fatigue index calculated from the repeated-skate sprint test

The Effectiveness Of A 12-Day Training Program Restoring Aerobic Capacity After A Break In Training At Football Players’

The occurrence of detraining in sports disciplines characterized by an extended starting period has to be taken into consideration whilst devising the sports training program. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effectiveness of the applied 12-day training program, which was to minimalize the effects of detraining in a group of Polish Major League football players. The training program applied, based on a total load volume, in two micro cycles in the particular zones: Io 28, and 31 km, IIo 24, and 26.5 km, IIIo 18, and 19.8 km, influences a significant aerobic capacity precipitation of competitors after a 14-day detraining period. The increase of indicator value were: VO2max by 12%, V.LT by 7%, and V.AT by 10%. Due to choosing the proportions of training loads in I, II, and III intensity range, it is possible to include competitors with various levels of aerobic capacity in one training group. The basis of such a solution is determining individual workout intensities while the volume is the same for the whole team.The occurrence of detraining in sports disciplines characterised by an extended starting period has to be taken into consideration whilst devising the sports training program. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effectiveness of the applied 12-day training program, which was to reduce the effects of detraining in a group of Polish Major League football players. The training program applied was based on a total load volume in two micro cycles in particular zones: Io 28, and 31 km, IIo 24, and 26.5 km, IIIo 18, and 19.8 km. A significant aerobic capacity precipitation of competitors after a 14-day detraining period was observed. The increase of indicator values were; VO2max by 12%, V.LT by 7%, and V.AT by 10%. Due to choosing the proportions of training loads in I, II, and III intensity range, it was possible to include competitors with various levels of aerobic capacity in one training group. The basis of such a solution is determining individual workout intensities while the volume is the same for the whole team

Application of Machine Learning to Performance Assessment for a class of PID-based Control Systems

In this paper, a novel machine learning derived control performance assesment (CPA) classification system is proposed. It is dedicated for a class of PID-based control loops with processes exhibiting second order plus delay time (SOPDT) dynamical properties. The proposed concept is based on deriving and combining a number of different, diverse control performance indices (CPIs) that separately do not provide sufficient information about the control performance. However, when combined together and used as discriminative features of the assessed control system, they can provide consistent and accurate CPA information. This concept is discussed in terms of the introduced extended set of CPIs, comprehensive performance assessment of different machine learning based classification methods and practical applicability of the suggested solution. The latter is shown and verified by practical application of the proposed approach to a CPA system for a laboratory heat exchange and ditribution setup.Comment: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronic

WORKLOADS OF YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS

The purpose of this study is to present a comparison of the workload demonstrated by young soccer players during the phases of warm-up (WU), first half (FH) and second half (SH) of a league match. Eleven young Polish soccer players took part in this research, playing a league match after completing the WU. During the WU, FH and SH of the match the following variables were recorded: total distance run, maximal and average speed achieved during the runs, number of sprints, distances run in the different speed zones, durations of increased heart rate (HR) in specific ranges, and the maximal, mean and minimal HR. The variables were recorded by means of the Global Positioning System (GPS). The research showed that there were significant differences between the WU, FH and SH in the total distances run (F=30.107, p0.001), the average speed achieved during the runs (F=37.731, p0.001), the distances run at different speeds (p0.001), the duration of increased HR in specific zones, and HRmean (p=0.002) and HRmin (p0.001). Post hoc analysis confirmed that, for the majority of the analyzed parameters, the WU provided a smaller load for the body than did the FH or SH, the intensity of which in some part was higher than that encountered at the anaerobic threshold. In conclusion, it has been shown that the WU and the two halves of the match load the body to varying degrees, the former doing so to a lesser extent than FH or SH

High-Dose Nitrate Supplementation Attenuates the Increased Blood Pressure Responses to Isometric Blood Flow Restriction Exercise in Healthy Males

The effect of nitrate (NO3−) supplementation on blood pressure (BP) responses during large muscle mass isometric and ischaemic exercise in healthy young adults is unclear. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 5-day supplementation of NO3− on BP responses during a short isometric contraction and a sustained ischaemic contraction. In a randomised, double-blinded, crossover design, 14 healthy active young adults underwent BP measurements after 5 days of either NO3− (NIT) or placebo (PLA) supplementation. Beat-by-beat BP was measured at pre- and post-exercise rest, and during a short (20 s) isometric contraction at 25% maximal strength and throughout a sustained ischaemic contraction. Plasma nitrite (NO2−) concentration increased significantly after NO3− supplementation compared to placebo (475 ± 93 nmol·L−1 vs. 198 ± 46 nmol·L−1, p 0.05). Five days of NO3− supplementation elevated plasma NO2− concentration and reduced BP during a short isometric contraction and a sustained ischaemic contraction in healthy adults. These observations indicate that multiple-day nitrate supplementation can decrease BP at rest and attenuate the increased BP response during isometric exercise. These findings support that NO3− supplementation is an effective nutritional intervention in reducing SBP and MAP in healthy young males during submaximal exercise

Practical Nutrition Strategies to Support Basketball Performance during International Short-Term Tournaments: A Narrative Review

A short-term (e.g., 6 days) basketball tournament is a shorter version of international tournaments, and qualification in it enables participation in international tournaments such as the Olympics and World championships or preparation before major tournaments. Time for recovery between matches is shorter compared with major tournaments, resulting in an accentuated load on players, which can be repeated up to four times within the 6-day competition period. Therefore, nutritional strategies need to focus on faster and adequate recovery after each match as well as optimum fuelling and hydration before and during matches. Travelling can also create additional challenges when preparing and/or applying those nutritional strategies. There are some particular evidence-based sport foods and ergogenic aids that can improve intermittent activity and/or the execution of motor skills, which may facilitate basketball players’ recovery and performance. The present review provides practical nutritional strategies to support short-term basketball tournaments based on players’ physiological needs and current sport nutrition guidelines