The influence of protective psychosocial factors on the incidence of dental pain

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A influência de fatores psicossociais protetores sobre a incidência de dor dentária

OBJETIVO Investigar a influência de fatores psicossociais protetores sobre a incidência de dor dentária nos últimos seis meses em crianças de 12 anos residentes em Manaus (AM). MÉTODOS Um estudo de coorte prospectivo de base escolar foi realizado com 210 alunos de 12 anos, matriculados em escolas públicas da zona leste de Manaus (AM) que foram acompanhados por dois anos. Questionários validados foram usados para avaliar características sociodemográficas, fatores psicossociais protetores, incluindo senso de coerência, apoio social e autoestima na linha de base e após dois anos. Examinadores calibrados avaliaram clinicamente cárie dentária e sangramento gengival. Regressão de Poisson multinível multivariada foi usada para estimar o risco relativo (RR) e o intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) entre a variação dos escores dos fatores psicossociais e a incidência de dor dentária, ajustada para os escores dos fatores psicossociais na linha de base, plano de saúde odontológico, frequência de escovação dentária e cárie dentária. RESULTADOS As médias dos escores do senso de coerência e do apoio social reduziram significativamente entre linha de base e seguimento de dois anos. A incidência de dor dentária no seguimento de dois anos foi 28,6%. O risco de dor dentária foi 14% maior para cada 10 pontos na redução média do escore do senso de coerência (RR = 1,14; IC95% 1,02–1,20), e 6% maior para cada 10 pontos na redução média do escore do apoio social (RR = 1,06; IC95% 1,01–1,11). A mudança na autoestima não foi associada ao risco de dor dentária. CONCLUSÃO A variação do senso de coerência e do apoio social no período de dois anos influenciou a incidência de dor dentária em crianças, sugerindo que fatores psicossociais protetores, comportamentos em saúde, plano odontológico e a condição clínica bucal desempenham um papel importante na incidência da dor dentária.OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of protective psychosocial factors on the incidence of dental pain in the last six months among 12-year-old children living in Manaus (AM). METHODS A prospective school-based cohort study was conducted with 210 12-year-old students enrolled in public schools in the eastern zone of Manaus (AM). Students were followed up for two years. Validated questionnaires were used to assess sociodemographic characteristics, protective psychosocial factors, including sense of coherence, social support, and self-esteem at baseline and after two years. Calibrated examiners clinically assessed dental caries and gingival bleeding. Multivariate multilevel Poisson regression was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) between the changes on psychosocial factors scores and incidence of dental pain, adjusted for psychosocial factors scores at baseline, dental health insurance, frequency of tooth brushing, and dental caries. RESULTS Mean scores for sense of coherence and social support reduced significantly from baseline to 2-year follow-up. The incidence of dental pain along the two-year follow-up was 28.6%. The risk of dental pain was 14% higher for every 10 points in the mean reduction of sense of coherence score (RR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.02–1.20), and 6% higher for every 10 points of the mean reduction in social support score (RR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.01–1.11). Change on self-esteem was not associated with risk of dental pain. CONCLUSION Change on sense of coherence and social support over the two-year period influenced the incidence of dental pain among children, suggesting that protective psychosocial factors, health behaviours, dental health insurance, and clinical oral condition have an important role in the incidence of dental pain

Condições de moradia como determinante social de baixo peso ao nascer e prematuro de baixo peso

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between housing conditions and low birthweight and preterm low birthweight among low-income women. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with post-partum women living in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil, in 2003-2005. Two groups of cases, low birthweight (n=96) and preterm low birthweight infants (n=68), were compared against normal weight term controls (n=393). Housing conditions were categorized into three levels: adequate, inadequate, and highly inadequate. Covariates included sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, risk behaviors, violence, anxiety, satisfaction during pregnancy, obstetric history and prenatal care. RESULTS: Poor housing conditions was independently associated with low birthweight (inadequate - OR 2.3 [1.1;4.6]; highly inadequate - OR 7.6 [2.1;27.6]) and preterm low birthweight (inadequate - OR 2.2 [1.1;4.3]; highly inadequate - OR 7.6 [2.4;23.9]) and factors associated with outcomes were inadequate prenatal care and previous preterm birth. Low income and low maternal body mass index remained associated with low birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: Poor housing conditions were associated with low birthweight and preterm low birthweight.OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación entre condiciones de vivienda y bajo peso al nacer y prematuridad asociada al bajo peso al nacer en los hijos de mujeres de baja renta. MÉTODOS: Se realizó estudio caso-control con mujeres en el postparto residentes en el municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Sureste de Brasil, en 2003-2005. Dos grupos de casos fueron comparados con controles a término y con peso normal (n=393): bajo peso al nacer (n=96) y prematuridad asociada al bajo peso al nacer (n=68). Las condiciones de vivienda fueron consideradas en los niveles: adecuadas, inadecuadas y muy inadecuadas. Las covariables investigadas fueron características sociodemográficas, antropométricas, hábitos de riesgo, violencia, ansiedad, satisfacción con el embarazo, historia obstétrica y cuidados prenatales. RESULTADOS: Condiciones de vivienda inadecuadas fueron independientemente asociadas con bajo peso al nacer (Inadecuadas - OR= 2,3 (1,1;4,6) y muy inadecuadas - OR=7,6 (2,1;27,6) y con prematuridad asociada al bajo peso al nacer (inadecuadas - OR=2,2 (1,1;4,3) y muy inadecuadas - OR=7,6 (2,4;23,9). Factores asociados con los resultados incluyeron cuidados prenatales inadecuados y prematuridad previa. Baja renta y bajo índice de masa corporal materno fueron asociados con bajo peso al nacer. CONCLUSIONES: Condiciones de vivienda inadecuadas fueron asociadas con bajo peso al nacer y prematuridad asociada al bajo peso al nacer.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre condições de moradia e baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade associada ao baixo peso ao nascer nos filhos de mulheres de baixa renda. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo caso-controle com mulheres no pós-parto residentes no município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, em 2003-2005. Dois grupos de casos foram comparados com controles a termo e com peso normal (n = 393): baixo peso ao nascer (n = 96) e prematuridade associada ao baixo peso ao nascer (n = 68). As condições de moradia foram consideradas nos níveis: adequadas, inadequadas e muito inadequadas. As covariáveis investigadas foram características sociodemográficas, antropométricas, hábitos de risco, violência, ansiedade, satisfação com a gravidez, história obstétrica e cuidados pré-natais. RESULTADOS: Condições de moradia inadequadas foram independentemente associadas com baixo peso ao nascer (Inadequadas - OR = 2,3 (1,1;4,6) e muito inadequadas - OR = 7,6 (2,1;27,6) e com prematuridade associada ao baixo peso ao nascer (inadequadas - OR = 2,2 (1,1;4,3) e muito inadequadas - OR = 7,6 (2,4;23,9). Fatores associados com os desfechos incluíram cuidados pré-natais inadequados e prematuridade prévia. Baixa renda e baixo índice de massa corporal materno foram associados com baixo peso ao nascer. CONCLUSÕES: Condições de moradia inadequadas foram associadas com baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade associada ao baixo peso ao nascer

The different effects of neighbourhood and individual social capital on health-compromising behaviours in women during pregnancy: A multi-level analysis

Background: This study assessed clustering of three health-compromising behaviours and explored the association of neighbourhood and individual social capital with simultaneous health-compromising behaviours and patterns of those behaviours in women in the first trimester of pregnancy (baseline) and during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (follow-up). Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted on a representative sample of women recruited in antenatal care units grouped in 46 neighbourhoods from Brazil. Neighbourhood-level measures (social capital and socioeconomic status), individual social capital (social support and social networks) and socio-demographic variables were collected at baseline. Smoking, alcohol consumption and inadequate diet were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Clustering was assessed using an observed to expected ratio method. The association of contextual and individual social capital with the health-compromising behaviours outcomes was analyzed through multilevel multivariate regression models. Results: Clustering of the three health-compromising behaviours as well as of smoking and alcohol consumption were identified at both baseline and follow-up periods. Neighbourhood social capital did not influence the occurrence of simultaneous health-compromising behaviours. More health-compromising behaviours in both periods was inversely associated with low levels of individual social capital. Low individual social capital predicted smoking during whole pregnancy, while high individual social capital increased the likelihood of stopping smoking and improving diet during pregnancy. Maintaining an inadequate diet during pregnancy was influenced by low individual and neighbourhood social capital. Conclusions: Three health-compromising behaviours are relatively common and cluster in Brazilian women throughout pregnancy. Low individual social capital significantly predicted simultaneous health-compromising behaviours and patterns of smoking and inadequate diet during pregnancy while low neighbourhood social capital was only relevant for inadequate diet. These findings suggest that interventions focusing on reducing multiple behaviours should be part of antenatal care throughout pregnancy. Individual and contextual social resources should be considered when planning the interventions

Partial recording protocols for periodontal disease assessment in epidemiological surveys Protocolos de registros parciais para avaliação da doença periodontal em levantamentos epidemiológicos

The objective of the present study was to compare the reliability of four partial-mouth protocols for assessing shallow, moderate, and deep sites for periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment levels. Periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level measurements were recorded for 156 subjects (age > 30). The four models of partial-mouth protocols compared were: Model I: all sites per tooth in the random half-mouth protocol randomly selecting one maxillary and mandibular quadrant, Model II: buccal sites in a full-mouth protocol, Model III: buccal sites in the random half-mouth protocol randomly selecting one maxillary and mandibular quadrant, Model IV: all sites per tooth using Community Periodontal Index teeth. In comparison with full mouth examination, Model I did not show significant differences for periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level parameters. Models II and III were different for some periodontal pocket depth means, and Model IV significantly overestimated all clinical parameters related to periodontal disease. Model I appears to be adequate to substitute for the full-mouth examination to assess the prevalence and severity of chronic periodontal disease in adults.O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a confiabilidade para medidas periodontais de profundidade de bolsa à sondagem e nível clínico de inserção de quatro protocolos de registros parciais. Exames periodontais completos foram realizados em 156 indivíduos com idade > 30 anos. Quatro protocolos foram comparados ao exame periodontal completo: Modelo I: protocolo de dois quadrantes aleatórios, um superior e um inferior (seis sítios por dente), Modelo II: protocolo de quatro quadrantes (três sítios vestibulares por dente), Modelo III: protocolo de dois quadrantes aleatórios, um superior e um inferior (três sítios vestibulares por dente), Modelo IV: protocolo de seis sítios por dente nos dentes índices do Índice Periodontal Comunitário. Ao comparar com o exame periodontal completo, o Modelo I não apresentou diferenças para nenhum dos parâmetros periodontais, os Modelos II e III foram diferentes em algumas médias de profundidade de bolsa à sondagem. O Modelo IV superestimou todos os parâmetros clínicos associados à doença periodontal. O Modelo I pareceu ser apropriado para substituir o exame periodontal completo para caracterização da prevalência e severidade da periodontite crônica em populações adultas

Periodontal infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of epidemiological studies

The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate analytical studies on periodontal disease as a possible risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. A literature search of the MEDLINE, SciELO, and LILACS bibliographic databases and CAPES thesis database was conducted up to December 2005, covering epidemiological studies of periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Of the 964 papers identified, 36 analytical studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-six epidemiological studies reported associations between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. There was a clear heterogeneity between studies concerning measurement of periodontal disease and selection of type of adverse pregnancy outcome. Therefore no meta-analysis was performed. Most studies did not control for confounders, thus raising serious doubts about their conclusions. The methodological limitations of most studies did not allow conclusions concerning the effects of periodontal disease on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Larger and methodologically rigorous analytical studies using reliable outcomes and exposure measures are recommended

Housing conditions as a social determinant of low birthweight and preterm low birthweight

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between housing conditions and low birthweight and preterm low birthweight among low-income women. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with post-partum women living in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil, in 2003-2005. Two groups of cases, low birthweight (n=96) and preterm low birthweight infants (n=68), were compared against normal weight term controls (n=393). Housing conditions were categorized into three levels: adequate, inadequate, and highly inadequate. Covariates included sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, risk behaviors, violence, anxiety, satisfaction during pregnancy, obstetric history and prenatal care. RESULTS: Poor housing conditions was independently associated with low birthweight (inadequate - OR 2.3 [1.1;4.6]; highly inadequate - OR 7.6 [2.1;27.6]) and preterm low birthweight (inadequate - OR 2.2 [1.1;4.3]; highly inadequate - OR 7.6 [2.4;23.9]) and factors associated with outcomes were inadequate prenatal care and previous preterm birth. Low income and low maternal body mass index remained associated with low birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: Poor housing conditions were associated with low birthweight and preterm low birthweight