Inserting Migrants into the Global Social Protection Floor

The social protection floor (SPF) is a global initiative led by the International Labour Organization (ILO) to provide social security to vulnerable groups. The SPF neglects the rapidly growing population of international migrants and focusses principally on citizens from lower-income countries. The SPF requires a method to evaluate the social protection gap that exists between citizens and non-citizens in countries that receive migrants in order to improve protections for all. The SPF Advisory Group must collaborate more closely with transit and receiving countries, middle- and high-income countries, and regional organizations to reduce the gaps in social protection between citizens and non-citizens

Effects of environmental flow on the internal dynamics of tropical cyclones, The

2012 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.This dissertation focuses on two projects that examine the interaction between the internal dynamics of tropical cyclones and the large-scale environmental flow using a hierarchy of numerical model simulations. Diabatic heating from deep moist convection in the hurricane eyewall produces a towering annular structure of elevated potential vorticity (PV) called a hollow PV tower. For the first project, the three-dimensional rearrangement of hurricane-like hollow PV towers is examined in an idealized framework. For the adiabatic PV tower in the absence of environmental flow, barotropic instability causes air parcels with high PV to be mixed into the eye preferentially at lower levels, where unstable PV wave growth rates are the largest. When the diabatic forcing is included, diabatic PV production accompanies the inward mixing at low levels, and similarly diabatic PV destruction accompanies the outflow at upper-levels. The largest variation in PV is produced when the diabatic forcing is placed within the radius of maximum winds (RMW) due to its ability to efficiently extract kinetic energy from the specified heating source. For the adiabatic PV tower in vertical shear, the initial response of the vortex to the vertical shear is to tilt downshear and rotate cyclonically about the mid-level center. The cyclonic precession of the vortex around the center demonstrates the existence of an azimuthal wavenumber-1 quasimode that prevents the vertical alignment of the vortex. When the effects of diabatic forcing are included, the increase in inertial stability causes the resonant damping of the quasimode to become more efficient, leading to the emission of sheared vortex Rossby waves (VRWs) and vortex alignment. Generally, it is shown that the vortex response to vertical shear depends sensitively on the Rossby deformation radius, Rossby penetration depth, and the vortex beta Rossby number of the vortex. For the second project, we examine the development of shock-like structures in the tropical cyclone boundary layer for a stationary and slowly moving tropical cyclone. Using a two-dimensional slab boundary layer model and a three-dimensional boundary layer model, we show that both boundary layer models approximate the nonlinear viscous Burgers' equation in the tropical cyclone boundary layer. For the stationary tropical cyclone, radial inflow creates a circular shock near the surface while vertical mixing communicates the shock throughout the boundary layer. The peak Ekman pumping occurs at a height of 600 m, which is also the location of maximum turbulent transport, consistent with Hurricane Hugo (1989). For a moving TC, the asymmetry in the frictional drag causes an asymmetry in the boundary layer response. As the translation speed of the TC increases, the nonlinear asymmetric advective interactions amplify, leading to an anticyclonic spiral in the vertical velocity field and pronounced inflow in the right-front quadrant of the storm

The Extradition of Canadian Citizens and Sections I and 6(I) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

This article is devoted to the question of whether the extradition from Canada of a fugitive Canadian citizen charged with having committed an act that constitutes a criminal offence for which he or she may be prosecuted both in Canada and in the requesting state is a violation of his or her right as a citizen of Canada to remain in Canada, that is guaranteed by section 6( I ) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.\u27 In analysing this question we shall ( i ) give a brief history of and rationale for extradition, with emphasis on the variations in application by states of extradition of citizens; (2) assess whether section 6 ( i ) of the Charter of Rights ipso facto does in fact contain a right that extradition infringes; (3) enquire whether if indeed extradition infringes prima facie the section 6 ( i ) right to remain in Canada of a Canadian citizen, it is a reasonable limit, prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society, even where he or she could be prosecuted in Canada on the same facts; (4) review the role of the Minister of Justice in extradition matters; (5) look at the comparative interests of states that have concurrent jurisdiction over the criminal offence and their impact on prosecutorial discretion in the requested state; and (6) discuss interpretation of extradition treaties

Cartagena de Indias

This memorial depicts a pedestal which is supporting a wide pan of sugarcane and gold coins. At the bottom of the pedestal is a set of handcuffs that are wrapped around the pedestal. This memorial relates back to the overall project as it is a figurative representation of slavery in Colombia.https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/historyfrombelow/1007/thumbnail.jp

Generation of J0 Bessel Beams with controlled spatial coherence features

An alternative method to generate J0 Bessel beams with controlled spatial partial coherence properties is introduced. Far field diffraction from a discrete number of source points on an annular region is calculated. The average for different diffracted fields produced at several rotation angles is numerically calculated and experimentally detected. Theoretical and experimental results show that for this particular case, J0 Bessel beam is a limit when the number of points tends towards infinity and the associated complex degree of coherence is also a function of the number of points.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Mechanical Evidence of the Orbital Angular Momentum to Energy Ratio of Vortex Beams

We measure, in a single experiment, both the radiation pressure and the torque due to a wide variety of propagating acoustic vortex beams. The results validate, for the first time directly, the theoretically predicted ratio of the orbital angular momentum to linear momentum in a propagating beam. We experimentally determine this ratio using simultaneous measurements of both the levitation force and the torque on an acoustic absorber exerted by a broad range of helical ultrasonic beams produced by a 1000-element matrix transducer array. In general, beams with helical phase fronts have been shown to contain orbital angular momentum as the result of the azimuthal component of the Poynting vector around the propagation axis. Theory predicts that for both optical and acoustic helical beams the ratio of the angular momentum current of the beam to the power should be given by the ratio of the beam’s topological charge to its angular frequency. This direct experimental observation that the ratio of the torque to power does convincingly match the expected value (given by the topological charge to angular frequency ratio of the beam) is a fundamental result

Industry and the ideal: ideal sculpture and reproduction at the early international exhibitions

This thesis considers a period when ideal sculptures were increasingly reproduced by new technologies, different materials and by various artists or manufacturers and for new markets. Ideal sculptures increasingly represented links between sculptors’ workshops and the realm of modern industry beyond them. Ideal sculpture criticism was meanwhile greatly expanded by industrial and international exhibitions, exemplified by the Great Exhibition of 1851, where the reproduction of sculpture and its links with industry formed both the subject and form of that discourse. This thesis considers how ideal sculpture and its discourses reflected, incorporated and were mediated by this new environment of reproduction and industrial display. In particular, it concentrates on how and where sculptors and their critics drew the line between the sculptors’ creative authorship and reproductive skill, in a situation in which reproduction of various kinds utterly permeated the production and display of sculpture. To highlight the complex and multifaceted ways in which reproduction was implicated in ideal sculpture and its discourse, the thesis revolves around three central case studies of sculptors whose work acquired especial prominence at the Great Exhibition and other exhibitions that followed it. These sculptors are John Bell (1811-1895), Raffaele Monti (1818-1881) and Hiram Powers (1805-1873). Each case shows how the link between ideal sculpture and industrial display provided sculptors with new opportunities to raise the profile of their art, but also new challenges for describing and thinking about sculpture

No-reference image quality assessment through the von Mises distribution

An innovative way of calculating the von Mises distribution (VMD) of image entropy is introduced in this paper. The VMD's concentration parameter and some fitness parameter that will be later defined, have been analyzed in the experimental part for determining their suitability as a image quality assessment measure in some particular distortions such as Gaussian blur or additive Gaussian noise. To achieve such measure, the local R\'{e}nyi entropy is calculated in four equally spaced orientations and used to determine the parameters of the von Mises distribution of the image entropy. Considering contextual images, experimental results after applying this model show that the best-in-focus noise-free images are associated with the highest values for the von Mises distribution concentration parameter and the highest approximation of image data to the von Mises distribution model. Our defined von Misses fitness parameter experimentally appears also as a suitable no-reference image quality assessment indicator for no-contextual images.Comment: 29 pages, 11 figure

Facing the Sun

December 2017 marked 50 years since archaeologist Michael J. O’Kelly first observed the solar illumination of the burial chamber in the Neolithic passage tomb at Newgrange during the period of the winter solstice. O’Kelly subsequently recorded direct sunlight entering Newgrange through the ‘especially contrived slit which lies under the roof-box at the outer end of the passage roof’ on 21 December 1969. The discovery of this historic phenomenon, dating back over 5,000 years, captured the public interest and imagination at that time and ever since. In this major article published in the Winter 2017 edition of Archaeology Ireland (date of publication 4 December), leading experts in this field, Frank Prendergast, Muiris O’Sullivan, Ken Williams and Gabriel Cooney, ask (and try to answer): Why were solstitial orientations and, in a few cases, orientations close to sunrise and sunset around the periods of the equinoxes incorporated into passage tomb architecture? Drawing on archaeoastronomy and archaeology, and examining the seasonally changing skyscape, the authors consider solstitial alignments in Irish passage tombs, including Newgrange, Dowth, Loughcrew (Co. Meath) and Townley Hall (Co. Louth), and feature evidence from a number of other sites, such as Slieve Gullion (Co. Armagh), Thomastown (Co. Meath) and Knockroe (Co. Kilkenny). The article features stunning images from renowned photographer Ken Williams and an introduction to archaeoastronomy and cultural astronomy. The Archaeology Ireland publication precedes a similarly themed conference in Dublin Castle on 15 September 2018 to mark the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018. This one-day conference is organised by Archaeology Ireland for the National Monuments Service at the Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht and the Office of Public Works and is titled: PATHWAYS TO THE COSMOS—the alignment of megalithic tombs in Ireland and Atlantic Europe. At Dublin Castle, an interdisciplinary gathering of eminent scholars and practitioners will explore connections between archaeology and cultural astronomy, linking the physical evidence and more intangible aspects such as the cultural ideas, beliefs and ceremonies of Neolithic and Bronze Age societies, with a focus on the seasonally changing skyscape. The conference will also explore the connections between Ireland and Atlantic Europe and the likely role and meaning of the sky to our prehistoric ancestors as a response to the growing interest in astronomical heritage and the importance of the ‘Dark Sky’. It also illustrates the importance of this heritage and of megalithic tombs for communities and for cultural tourism. This article’s accompanying PDF provides full details of the programme and speakers. The authors acknowledge Archaeology Ireland’s generosity in allowing ‘Facing the Sun’ to be made freely available on-line