Identification of new proteins differentially regulated along the cell cycle of Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii est un protiste apicomplexe responsable de la toxoplasmose. Ce parasite intracellulaire obligatoire possède des organites sécrétoires apicaux dont les rhoptries qui contiennent des facteurs de virulence essentiels à l'invasion et à la modulation de la cellule hôte qu'il infecte. Au cours de la division cellulaire de T. gondii, les protéines de rhoptries sont synthétisées selon la même cinétique. Dans le but d'identifier de nouvelles protéines dont la fonction est potentiellement liée aux rhoptries, nous avons recherché à partir des bases de données du génome de T. gondii, les protéines présentant ce profil particulier d'expression. La localisation subcellulaire de 12 candidats a été réalisée puis une caractérisation phénotypique de quatre d'entre eux a été entreprise. Nous avons identifié une nouvelle protéase de rhoptries, DegP, essentielle à la virulence du parasite in vivo. Nous montrons que DegP contrôle la phase aigüe de l'infection en modulant la réponse immune de l'hôte contribuant ainsi à la dissémination du parasite in vivo. Nous identifions également deux protéines homologues, Claw1 et Claw2, présentant une localisation atypique à l'extrémité apicale du parasite. Notre incapacité à déléter ces gènes pourrait indiquer un rôle essentiel de ces protéines au niveau du complexe apical de T. gondii. Enfin, bien que n'étant pas reliée aux rhoptries, ce crible a permis d'identifier la première protéine associée aux jonctions des vésicules constituant le complexe membranaire interne de Toxoplasma. La délétion de cette protéine, SIP, affecte la forme du parasite, entrainant un défaut de motilité, d'invasion et de virulence in vivo.Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan protist and the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. This obligate intracellular parasite harbors apical secretory organelles such as rhoptries that contain essential virulence factors responsible of the invasion and the modulation of the infected host cell. Along the cell cycle of T. gondii, rhoptry proteins share the same timing of expression. In order to identify new proteins involve in rhoptry content, biogenesis or secretion, we screened the genome database of T. gondii to isolate proteins that present this particular profile. We obtained the subcellular localization of 12 candidates and we investigated the biological functions for 4 of them. We showed that DegP, a rhoptry protease is essential for the in vivo virulence of T. gondii. DegP controls the acute phase during infection and modulate the host immune response leading to better parasite dissemination in vivo. Also, we identified Claw1 and its paralog Claw2 that present an atypical localization at the apical end of the parasite. To date, we were unable to disrupt the genes encoding these proteins suggesting that they may have an essential function related to the apical complex in T. gondii. Finally, we also examined a ‘hit' of this screening that was not related to rhoptries and we identified SIP, the first protein associated with the transversal junctions of the inner membrane complex in T. gondii. The disruption of SIP affects the shape of the parasite leading to an aberrant motility, defect in invasion and impaired parasite virulence in mice

The roles of CEN2 and DLC8a in apical secretory organelles discharge of toxoplasma gondii

International audienceTo efficiently enter host cells, apicomplexan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii rely on an apical complex composed of tubulin-based structures as well as two sets of secretory organelles named micronemes and rhoptries. The trafficking and docking of these organelles to the apical pole of the parasite is crucial for the discharge of their contents. Here, we describe two proteins typically associated with microtubules, Centrin 2 (CEN2) and Dynein Light Chain 8a (DLC8a), that are required for efficient host cell invasion. CEN2 localizes to four different compartments, and remarkably, conditional depletion of the protein occurs in stepwise manner, sequentially depleting the protein pools from each location. This phenomenon allowed us to discern the essential function of the apical pool of CEN2 for microneme secretion, motility, invasion and egress. DLC8a localizes to the conoid, and its depletion also perturbs microneme exocytosis in addition to the apical docking of the rhoptry organelles, causing a severe defect in host cell invasion. Phenotypic characterization of CEN2 and DLC8a indicates that while both proteins participate in microneme secretion, they likely act at different steps along the cascade of events leading to organelle exocytosis

Structural insights into an atypical secretory pathway kinase crucial for Toxoplasma gondii invasion

Active host cell invasion by the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites relies on the formation of a moving junction, which connects parasite and host cell plasma membranes during entry. Invading Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites secrete their rhoptry content and insert a complex of RON proteins on the cytoplasmic side of the host cell membrane providing an anchor to which the parasite tethers. Here we show that a rhoptry-resident kinase RON13 is a key virulence factor that plays a crucial role in host cell entry. Cryo-EM, kinase assays, phosphoproteomics and cellular analyses reveal that RON13 is a secretory pathway kinase of atypical structure that phosphorylates rhoptry proteins including the components of the RON complex. Ultimately, RON13 kinase activity controls host cell invasion by anchoring the moving junction at the parasite-host cell interface

Cumulation and injury determination of the European Community in anti-dumping cases

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Ceramide biosynthesis is critical for establishment of the intracellular niche of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>

Toxoplasma gondii possesses sphingolipid synthesis capabilities and is equipped to salvage lipids from its host. The contribution of these two routes of lipid acquisition during parasite development is unclear. As part of a complete ceramide synthesis pathway, T. gondii expresses two serine palmitoyltransferases (TgSPT1 and TgSPT2) and a dihydroceramide desaturase. After deletion of these genes, we determine their role in parasite development in vitro and in vivo during acute and chronic infection. Detailed phenotyping through lipidomic approaches reveal a perturbed sphingolipidome in these mutants, characterized by a drastic reduction in ceramides and ceramide phosphoethanolamines but not sphingomyelins. Critically, parasites lacking TgSPT1 display decreased fitness, marked by reduced growth rates and a selective defect in rhoptry discharge in the form of secretory vesicles, causing an invasion defect. Disruption of de novo ceramide synthesis modestly affects acute infection in vivo but severely reduces cyst burden in the brain of chronically infected mice

Montpellier Infectious Diseases -Pôle Rabelais (MID) 3rd annual meeting (2014)

International audienceFor the third time, teams belonging to the "Montpellier Infectious Diseases" network in the Rabelais BioHealth Cluster held their annual meeting on the 27th and 28th of November in Montpellier, France. While the 2012 meeting was focused on the cooperation between the local force tasks in biomedical and medical chemistry and presented the interdisciplinary research programs designed to fight against virus, bacteria and parasites, the 2014 edition of the meeting was focused on the translational research in infectious diseases and highlighted the bench-to-clinic strategies designed by academic and private research groups in the Montpellier area

A lipid-binding protein mediates rhoptry discharge and invasion in Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii parasites.

Members of the Apicomplexa phylum, including Plasmodium and Toxoplasma, have two types of secretory organelles (micronemes and rhoptries) whose sequential release is essential for invasion and the intracellular lifestyle of these eukaryotes. During invasion, rhoptries inject an array of invasion and virulence factors into the cytoplasm of the host cell, but the molecular mechanism mediating rhoptry exocytosis is unknown. Here we identify a set of parasite specific proteins, termed rhoptry apical surface proteins (RASP) that cap the extremity of the rhoptry. Depletion of RASP2 results in loss of rhoptry secretion and completely blocks parasite invasion and therefore parasite proliferation in both Toxoplasma and Plasmodium. Recombinant RASP2 binds charged lipids and likely contributes to assembling the machinery that docks/primes the rhoptry to the plasma membrane prior to fusion. This study provides important mechanistic insight into a parasite specific exocytic pathway, essential for the establishment of infection

Structural insights into an atypical secretory pathway kinase crucial for Toxoplasma gondii invasion

Host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii depends on the heavily phosphorylated RON complex, but the relevance and regulation of these modifications are not understood. Here, the authors identify the kinase RON13 as a key virulence factor, determine its structure and show that it phosphorylates the RON complex

Short- and long-term efficacy of electroconvulsive stimulation in animal models of depression: The essential role of neuronal survival

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