Spaces of Islamophobia and spaces of inequality in Greater Paris

This paper draws upon quantitative data collected from one of the principal associations fighting Islamophobia in France along with the population census, and provides a step forward in understanding the operation and distribution of Islamophobia. It presents a geography of Islamophobia in Paris based on statistical data, and aims to observe whether or not this geography corresponds or contrasts with geographies of inequality (such as those associated with gentrification, deprivation and marginalisation), by analysing the various spatial patterns stemming from the maps. This socio-spatial analysis of anti-Muslim discrimination is important in Paris because since the terrorist attacks in 2015, anti-Muslim sentiment has increased sharply. The mapping of Islamophobia and its association with the spatial distribution of different socioeconomic and demographic variables synthetized in a typological map display significant forms, relations and diversities within Paris. This cartographic analysis demonstrates that the geography of Islamophobia does not necessarily refer to spaces where ‘Muslims’ and the victims of Islamophobia live in great majority, and rather refers to more privileged and central areas such as Paris intra-muros. Victims mostly experience anti-Muslim incidents outside their everyday spaces away from their homes, such as public institutions and workplaces. Indeed, the findings raise the significance of the exact place where incidents occur as well as societal attitudes to these ‘hierarchical’ places where the perpetrator probably feels more comfortable in behaving in an antisocial and sometimes violent way. </jats:p

Closed hydroponic systems : operational parameters, root exudates occurrence and related water treatment

Greenhouse production of vegetables in closed hydroponic cropping systems is a resource-efficient technique for the production of high-quality produce with a high yield per unit area. Recently, there have been considerable progresses in the development of hydroponic culture. While this type of cropping system allows savings in terms of water and nutrient use, the recirculation of water increases the risk of root exudates dispersal. Plant roots often exude numerous organic acids, which are known to inhibit growth. So far several methods have been found to be effective in removing or degrading the phytotoxic substances released from plant roots during autotoxicity such as adsorption by activated carbon, electrodegradation of root exudates and TiO2 photocatalysis. In this review an overview will be presented of hydroponic systems and their related root exudates occurrence and removal