PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN CREMOPHOR EL TERHADAP PENINGKATAN LAJU DISOLUSI TABLET SIMVASTATIN

Simvastatin is a statin drug that used to reduce cholesterol levels via inhibition of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Cremophor EL to the dissolution rate of simvastatin tablet. The experiment was consist of  four formula with different concentration of Cremophor EL that were 0%, 0,3%, 0,6% and 0,9%. Preparation of simvastatin tablets was done by wet granulation method. The granules obtained were tested (moisture content, compressibility, flow rate, rest angle and hausner number), physical test of tablets (weight uniformity, hardness, brittleness and crushed time) and dissolution test. Dissolution Apparatus II  was used to dissolution test with 900 mL of phosphate buffer (sodium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium dodecyl sulphate) pH 7.0 as dissolution medium, it was inserted in dissolution vessel at 37 ± 0,50C with 50 rpm. Spectrofotometry uv-vis was used for determination of dissolution result at 238 nm of wavelength. The dissolution test results of simvastatin tablet shows that the addition of 0,6% Cremophor EL in formula 3 has the largest simvastatin dissolution rate.  Keywords: Cremophor EL, Dissolution, Simvastatin

IMPROVEMENT OF THE DISSOLUTION PROFILE OF SIMVASTATIN TABLETS WITH THE ADDITION OF CREMOPHOR-EL USING WET GRANULATION METHOD

Objective: Simvastatin is a drug used as a first-line anti-cholesterol in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Low solubility will affect its ability to penetrate the digestive tract membrane and will affect the amount of drug levels in the plasma. The use of Cremophor-EL as a surfactant has been shown to inhibit the action of P-glycoprotein so that it can increase the bioavailability of a drug and can increase the effect of a drug. Methods: The preparation of simvastatin tablets was carried out using the wet granulation method. The dissolution test used the paddle method, a speed of 50 rpm at a temperature of 37±0.5 ° C with a phosphate buffer pH 7.0 as the dissolution medium. Results: The results showed that at 30 min the generic simvastatin tablets had 81.52% dissolution and the Simvastatin Tablets with Cremophor-EL were 85.520%. Conclusion: Simvastatin cremophor-EL tablets are more dissolved than generic simvastatin at 30 min so that cremophor-EL simvastatin tablets have a better dissolution rate than generic simvastatin tablets

SYNTHESIS OF ENCAPSULATED CHROMOLAENA ODORATA LEAF EXTRACT IN CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLE BY USING IONIC GELATION METHOD AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of Chromolaena odorata. Methods: Encapsulation of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract by nano chitosan was synthesized by using chitosan and NaTPP as the crosslinking agent. The antioxidant activity was conducted by using the DPPH method. Results: Nanoparticles of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract has an average diameter of 675±218 nm and+23.4±7.14 mV of zeta potential. The antioxidant activity of its extract was 0.86 ppm, while its nanoparticle has the better antioxidant activity of 0.21 ppm. Conclusion: Nanoparticles of Chromolaena odorata have very strong antioxidant activity and the potential to be external antioxidants

ACTIVITY NANOKIRINYUH (CHROMOLAENA ODORATA) LEAVES EXTRACT IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: Diabetes Mellitus is a type of degenerative disease that is increasing every year in countries around the world. Diabetes Mellitus is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, and stroke. Nanokirinyuh leaves have potential as an antidiabetic because they contains chemical compounds that have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to determine activity of nanokirinyuh leaves as an antidiabetic. Methods: Wistar rats as many as 24 animals were divided into 6 groups, namely the normal control group, positive control (glibenclamide 0.5 mg/Kg BW), negative control (alloxan 600 mg/BW rat), and nanochitosan kirinyuh leaves at a dose of 225 mg/Kg BW rat, 450 mg/Kg BW rat and 675 mg/Kg BW treatment was carried out for 10 d. Percent decrease of level glucose was evaluated along with histopathological investigation in various experimental groups of rats. Data analysis using the One Way Anova test and continued LSD test. Results: Level of Glucose at a dose of 675 mg/Kg BW rats showed the highest levels of the negative group and other dose groups. Pancreas histopathology test results showed that the group with a dose of 450 mg/Kg BW of rats had the lowest necrosis rate compared to the negative control group and other dose groups. Conclusion: Nanokirinyuh leaves can reduce of level plasma glucose and necrosis in a histopathology test

Chitosan-Activated Charcoal of Modified Corn Cobs as an Antibiotics Adsorbent

Excessive use of tetracycline hydrochloride can cause water pollution. The concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride in an aqueous solution can be reduced by an adsorption method that utilizes activated charcoal as an adsorbent. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of chitosan on the characteristics of activated charcoal, the effect of pH, adsorption kinetics, the adsorption isotherm, and the effect of sonication on adsorption ability. The method used in this research is the batch method combined with the sonication method. Based on this research, it is known that the use of ultrasonic waves (sonication) can streamline the adsorption process of tetracycline hydrochloride. The time required for the adsorption process is faster with greater adsorption capacity and efficiency. Tetracycline solution can be absorbed optimally at an acidic pH, which is pH 4. The adsorption process using the sonication method can increase the adsorption capacity from 2.092 mg.g-1 to 5.330 mg.g-1. The adsorption mechanism in both methods (batch and sonication) that occurs follows the kinetic equation of the two Ho pessaries. In contrast to adsorption kinetics, the adsorption isotherm for the batch method corresponds to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation (R2 = 0.950), while the use of the sonication method corresponds to the Freundlich isotherm equation (R2 = 0.859).  Thus, corn cob waste can be utilized by converting it into activated charcoal modified by chitosan as an adsorbent for antibiotic waste, especially tetracycline hydrochloride

Chitosan-Activated Charcoal of Modified Corn Cobs as an Antibiotics Adsorbent

Excessive use of tetracycline hydrochloride can cause water pollution. The concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride in an aqueous solution can be reduced by an adsorption method that utilizes activated charcoal as an adsorbent. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of chitosan on the characteristics of activated charcoal, the effect of pH, adsorption kinetics, the adsorption isotherm, and the effect of sonication on adsorption ability. The method used in this research is the batch method combined with the sonication method. Based on this research, it is known that the use of ultrasonic waves (sonication) can streamline the adsorption process of tetracycline hydrochloride. The time required for the adsorption process is faster with greater adsorption capacity and efficiency. Tetracycline solution can be absorbed optimally at an acidic pH, which is pH 4. The adsorption process using the sonication method can increase the adsorption capacity from 2.092 mg.g-1 to 5.330 mg.g-1. The adsorption mechanism in both methods (batch and sonication) that occurs follows the kinetic equation of the two Ho pessaries. In contrast to adsorption kinetics, the adsorption isotherm for the batch method corresponds to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation (R2 = 0.950), while the use of the sonication method corresponds to the Freundlich isotherm equation (R2 = 0.859).  Thus, corn cob waste can be utilized by converting it into activated charcoal modified by chitosan as an adsorbent for antibiotic waste, especially tetracycline hydrochloride

NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF KIRINYUH (CHROMOLAENA ODORATA L) IN GENTAMICIN INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS

Objective: The global prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) was 9.1% (697.5 million cases). Chronic kidney disease can occur, one of which is caused by drug nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity remains major problem for its effective long-term clinical use. Gentamicin is known to cause many morphologic, metabolic and functional alterations in the kidney and the specificity of gentamicin nephrotoxicity is related to its accumulation in the renal proximal convoluted tubules leading to tubular necrosis. Nephrotoxicity can be prevented by nephroprotective by giving antioxidants. Kirinyuh leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) has potential as a nephroprotective because it contains chemical compounds that have antioxidant activity. Methods: Wistar rats as many as 25 animals were divided into five groups, namely the normal control negative control (gentamicin 60 mg/kg BW rat), and kirinyuh leaf extract at a dose of 225, 450 and 675 mg/kg BW treatment was carried out for 10 d. Serum creatinine and urea levels were evaluated along with histopathological investigation in various experimental groups of rats. Data analysis using the One Way Anova test and continued LSD test. Results: Serum creatinine was a significant difference between groups P = 0.000 (P<0.05). The results of LSD analysis on creatinine levels showed a significant difference between the normal group and the negative group (P = 0.00); negative group to dose group 1 (P = 0.020) (P<0.05); dose 2 (P = 0.005) (P<0.05); and dose 3 (P = 0.000) (P<0.05). Dose 3 had the lowest creatinine level compared to other dose groups. Conclusion: Serum creatinine level at dose 675 significantly changes compare by a negative group of other dose groups. Renal histopathology results showed that the group with a dose of 450 mg/BW of rats had the lowest necrosis rate compared to the negative control group and other dose groups

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EFFERVESCENT GRANULES FROM KIRINYUH LEAVES (CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (L.) R. M. KING and H. ROB) AND LEAF OF MAREME (GLOCHIDION ARBORESCENS BLUME)

Objective: The objective of the study was to prepare and evaluate the formulation of the granules effervescent from kirinyuh and mareme leaves as an antioxidant. Methods: The method of making granules with the wet granulation method. The granulation method was used for making granules, meanwhile, the evaluations of the granules was included organoleptic tests, water content, solubility time, pH of the preparation, compressibility, flow time angle of repose and antioxidant activity. Results: The results showed that combination of kirinyuh and mareme as effervescent showed fulfilled all the test criteria, however, demonstrated weak antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The three formulations of effervescent granule preparations from kirinyuh leaves and mareme leaves have very weak antioxidant activit

PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN MEMBUAT SABUN CUCI TANGAN SEBAGAI UPAYA PREVENTIF TERHADAP PANDEMI COVID-19 GELOMBANG KETIGA

Abstrak: Angka kejadian Covid-19 di Indonesia sudah mulai menurun, Namun, kita tidak boleh lengah terhadap protokol kesehatan yang sudah diterapkan dengan baik. Upaya preventif harus tetap dijalankan, bahkan harus lebih maksimal. Upaya preventif yang diusung adalah selalu menjaga kebersihan tangan menggunakan sabun cuci tangan dan meningkatkan keterampilan kader dan warga dalam membuat sabun cuci tangan. Tujuan kegiatan yaitu agar warga memahami pentingnya mencuci tangan pakai sabun dan membuat sabun cuci tangan secara mandiri di rumah masing-masing. Metode pelaksanaan dilakukan dengan cara workshop dan penyuluhan. Evaluasi kegiatan dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah kegiatan. Sasaran kegiatan adalah 18 kader PKK dan warga Cikalanggirang Tasikmalaya. Hasil kegiatan yang telah dicapai adalah menunjukkan peningkatan nilai rata-rata (mean) pengetahuan dari hasil pengisian Quosioner sebelum kegiatan yaitu 75,46 dan setelah kegiatan menjadi 94,44. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik T berpasangan diperoleh nilai p-value (0.000) < α (0.05). Hal ini menunjukan terdapat perbedaan rata-rata yang signifikan antara nilai skor kuesioner peserta sebelum dan sesudah kegiatan. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa pemberian pelatihan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman peserta dalam membuat sabun cuci tangan.Abstract: Although the number of Covid-19 cases in Indonesia has begun to decline, we must not lose sight of the health protocols that have been properly implemented. Preventive efforts must continue to be made, but at a higher level. Hand hygiene should always be maintained with the use of hand soap, and cadres and residents' skills in making hand soap should be improved. The goal of the activity is for residents to understand the importance of washing their hands with soap and making their own hand soap at home. Workshops and counseling are used to carry out the implementation method. Activities are evaluated both before and after they are completed. The activity's target was 18 PKK cadres and Cikalanggirang Tasikmalaya residents. The results of the completed activities show an increase in the average value (mean) of knowledge from the results of filling out the questionnaire prior to the activity, which was 75.46, to 94.44 after the activity. Based on the results of the paired T statistical test, the p-value (0.000) < (0.05). This shows that there is a significant average difference between the participants' questionnaire scores before and after the activity. This proves that the provision of training can increase the knowledge and understanding of participants in making hand soap