APPROACHES TO LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF DIGITAL CURRENCIES: RISKS OR ECONOMIC POTENTIAL

Objective: In recent decades, information technology has become a very significant stimulator of economic growth. The introduction of blockchain technology in the financial sector and its adaptation for cryptocurrencies definitely demonstrate both positive and negative results, which have been discussed in numerous publications.Methodology: The authors use a set of general scientific and private scientific research methods: a comparative legal analysis of scientific literature, legal and other documents on the research topic.Results: The authors analyze the essence of distributed ledger systems and digital currencies, the prospects that open up when they are used, highlight the models for using this innovative technology and the possibilities for synchronizing the legal relations that arise in this case, including, among other things, the recognition of private digital currencies as a means of payment and making decisions on the issuance of state digital currencies.Contribution: The article pays attention to the problem of the influence of digital currencies on the financial stability of both individual states and, due to their widespread use, on a global scale.

Características del desarrollo de la Institución de Servicio Público: Experiencia Internacional y su aplicación en Rusia

This article studies the specific development of public service and the possible application of foreign experience in Russia and other countries. The article aims at conducting a comparative analysis of development patterns typical of the institution of public service in the world and determining their general and distinctive features that should be considered when identifying the objectives of reforming the institution of public service in Russia. Results. The article considers development patterns typical of the institution of public service in foreign countries. The main stages of reforming public service have been examined and analyzed, as well as general and distinctive features of this process have been determined. Conclusions. While defining the main objectives of reforming the Russian institution of public service, it is necessary to consider the positive experience of foreign countries. In particular, attention should be paid to the changes at each stage of reforming, namely: the legal support of public service, the organizational structure of public service, personnel policy, the provision of public services to citizens by state employees, and the development of information society. The prospects for further research are to study the specific development of the institution of public service in developed economies. An in-depth comparative analysis of improving such an institution will enable to use the best foreign achievements in reforming the Russian institution of public service.Mediante el presente artículo se analizarán las características del desarrollo de los servicios públicos y las posibilidades de aplicar esta experiencia para Rusia y otros países. El objetivo del artículo es realizar un análisis comparativo de los modelos de desarrollo de instituciones de servicio público en el mundo; determinar sus características comunes y distintivas, que deben tenerse en cuenta al determinar los objetivos de la reforma de la institución de servicio público en Rusia. A través de una metodología comparativa se revisan los modelos de desarrollo de las instituciones de servicio público en países extranjeros. Se examinan y analizan las principales etapas de la reforma de servicio público y se determinan las direcciones generales y distintivas de dicho proceso. Al determinar los objetivos principales de la reforma de la institución de servicio público en Rusia, es necesario tener en cuenta las experiencias de los Estados extranjeros, que tienen resultados positivos. En particular, se debe prestar atención a los cambios que se produzcan en cada etapa de la reforma, a saber: marco jurídico y funcionamiento de servicio público, la estructura orgánica de servicio público, política de personal, la provisión por funcionarios de los servicios públicos a los ciudadanos, el desarrollo de la sociedad de la información. Se tuvieron en consideración para las perspectivas de análisis a instituciones de servicio público de países desarrollados. Se concluye que un análisis comparativo de los procesos de mejora conducirán a las bases de una reforma del instituto de servicio público ruso para conseguir los logros y resultados que se requieren

Approaches to the Optimization of Fiscal Regulations in Cross-Border Transactions for the Provision of Electronic Services

Este artículo analiza áreas en las que es posible que un Estado individual utilice la experiencia extranjera y los estándares internacionales para aumentar la eficiencia de su regulación tributaria y llenar vacíos legislativos. Se eligió un estudio de caso cualitativo como metodología. Tras el análisis de las normas y reglas internacionales relacionadas con la tributación de las transacciones con bienes y servicios digitales, se identifican los principales principios y algoritmos de modernización del sistema tributario. Se realizó un análisis generalizador de los principales modelos y conceptos de regulación fiscal legal de transacciones de bienes y servicios digitales desarrollados en el marco de la OCDE. Teniendo en cuenta la dinámica expansiva del uso de productos digitales no solo en los negocios, sino también en la administración estatal, se identificó un potencial prácticamente realizable para aplicar reglas internacionales previamente desarrolladas en condiciones modernas, en particular, la posibilidad de interacción remota entre las autoridades fiscales y los contribuyentes. Los resultados obtenidos permiten señalar algunos aspectos de las transacciones internacionales para la prestación de servicios en formato electrónico, que, al parecer, pueden servir como recomendaciones para mejorar la regulación legal de su tributación.This article analyzes areas where it is possible for an individual state to use foreign experience and international standards to increase the efficiency of its tax regulation and fill legislative gaps. A qualitative case study was chosen as the methodology. Following the analysis of international standards and rules related to the taxation of transactions with digital goods and services, the main principles and algorithms of modernization of the tax system are identified. A generalizing analysis of the main models and concepts of legal tax regulation of digital goods and services transactions developed within the framework of the OECD was carried out. Taking into account the expansive dynamic of the use of digital products not only in business, but also in state administration, a practically realizable potential to apply previously developed international rules in modern conditions were identified, in particular, the possibility of remote interaction between tax authorities and taxpayers. The results obtained allow us to note some aspects of international transactions for the provision of services in electronic form, which, as it seems, can serve as recommendations for improving the legal regulation of their taxation

Problemas de regulamentação legal da inteligência artificial, robôs e objetos robóticos no campo das relações sociais

Objetivo do estudo: Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os princípios básicos do desenvolvimento da regulamentação legal da inteligência artificial, robôs e objetos robóticos no campo das relações sociais. Metodologia: O tema da pesquisa é a legislação internacional e estrangeira, legislação da Federação Russa, bem como documentos estratégicos e projetos de formação e desenvolvimento de regulamentação legal. No processo de pesquisa foram utilizados métodos legais e de análise estrutural, bem como análise especializada e de eventos. Resultados: O artigo apresenta uma análise de possíveis áreas de relações sociais nas quais as tecnologias de inteligência artificial e objetos robóticos já são aplicáveis, revela problemas terminológicos que não permitem uma abordagem unificada da regulamentação legal da inteligência artificial e formula propostas para o desenvolvimento de legislação no campo das tecnologias de inteligência artificial. Conclusões: Os autores concluem que, devido às diferenças significativas na terminologia e variedades de inteligência artificial, robôs e objetos robóticos, é necessário percorrer o caminho de desenvolver apenas princípios básicos de regulamentação legal aplicáveis a todos os tipos de inteligência artificial e objetos robóticos

Gene co-expression network analysis in Rhodobacter capsulatus and application to comparative expression analysis of Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Background: The genus Rhodobacter contains purple nonsulfur bacteria found mostly in freshwater environments. Representative strains of two Rhodobacter species, R. capsulatus and R. sphaeroides, have had their genomes fully sequenced and both have been the subject of transcriptional profiling studies. Gene co-expression networks can be used to identify modules of genes with similar expression profiles. Functional analysis of gene modules can then associate co-expressed genes with biological pathways, and network statistics can determine the degree of module preservation in related networks. In this paper, we constructed an R. capsulatus gene co-expression network, performed functional analysis of identified gene modules, and investigated preservation of these modules in R. capsulatus proteomics data and in R. sphaeroides transcriptomics data. Results: The analysis identified 40 gene co-expression modules in R. capsulatus. Investigation of the module gene contents and expression profiles revealed patterns that were validated based on previous studies supporting the biological relevance of these modules. We identified two R. capsulatus gene modules preserved in the protein abundance data. We also identified several gene modules preserved between both Rhodobacter species, which indicate that these cellular processes are conserved between the species and are candidates for functional information transfer between species. Many gene modules were non-preserved, providing insight into processes that differentiate the two species. In addition, using Local Network Similarity (LNS), a recently proposed metric for expression divergence, we assessed the expression conservation of between-species pairs of orthologs, and within-species gene-protein expression profiles. Conclusions: Our analyses provide new sources of information for functional annotation in R. capsulatus because uncharacterized genes in modules are now connected with groups of genes that constitute a joint functional annotation. We identified R. capsulatus modules enriched with genes for ribosomal proteins, porphyrin and bacteriochlorophyll anabolism, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites to be preserved in R. sphaeroides whereas modules related to RcGTA production and signalling showed lack of preservation in R. sphaeroides. In addition, we demonstrated that network statistics may also be applied within-species to identify congruence between mRNA expression and protein abundance data for which simple correlation measurements have previously had mixed results.Microbiology and Immunology, Department ofScience, Faculty ofNon UBCReviewedFacult