Weakly supervised deep semantic segmentation using CNN and ELM with semantic candidate regions.

The task of semantic segmentation is to obtain strong pixel-level annotations for each pixel in the image. For fully supervised semantic segmentation, the task is achieved by a segmentation model trained using pixel-level annotations. However, the pixel-level annotation process is very expensive and time-consuming. To reduce the cost, the paper proposes a semantic candidate regions trained extreme learning machine (ELM) method with image-level labels to achieve pixel-level labels mapping. In this work, the paper casts the pixel mapping problem into a candidate region semantic inference problem. Specifically, after segmenting each image into a set of superpixels, superpixels are automatically combined to achieve segmentation of candidate region according to the number of image-level labels. Semantic inference of candidate regions is realized based on the relationship and neighborhood rough set associated with semantic labels. Finally, the paper trains the ELM using the candidate regions of the inferred labels to classify the test candidate regions. The experiment is verified on the MSRC dataset and PASCAL VOC 2012, which are popularly used in semantic segmentation. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms several state-of-the-art approaches for deep semantic segmentation

Palladium, platinum, selenium and tellurium enrichment in the Jiguanzui-Taohuazui Cu-Au Deposit, Edong Ore District: Distribution and comparison with Cu-Mo deposits

The Jiguanzui-Taohuazui Cu-Au deposit is located in the Edong ore district, Middle–Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt, eastern China. The deposit is palladium, platinum, selenium and tellurium enriched; however, the distribution of these metals is unclear. Three mineral assemblages of ore in the deposit have been identified, namely: a magnetite-bornite-chalcopyrite-(hematite) assemblage (Mt-Bn-Cp-Hm), a chalcopyrite-pyrite assemblage (Cp-Py), and a pyrite-chalcopyrite-(sphalerite) assemblage (Py-Cp-Sph). Forty-eight bulk ore assay results show high concentrations of up to 66.9 ppb for Pd, 5.9 ppb for Pt, 150 ppm for Se and 249 ppm for Te. The high temperature Mt-Bn-Cp-Hm assemblage (530–380 °C) is enriched in Pt and Pd, whereas the Py-Cp-Sph assemblage in the marble-replacement ore (300–220 °C) hosts the major Se and Te mineralization. Palladium, Pt, and Se are mostly hosted in sulfide minerals, whereas Te is hosted in tellurides and Bi-Te-S sulfosalt minerals. Building on previous experimental and thermodynamic calculations, we propose the major controls on the Pd and Pt distribution in the deposit are temperature and salinity, whereas the Se and Te mineralization is promoted by the precipitation of major sulfide phases such as pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite. A comparison of the ores from the Jiguanzui-Taohuazui Cu-Au and Tongshankou Cu-Mo deposits in the Edong ore district shows that the Cu-Au deposit has higher PGE and Te, but similar Se concentrations. This scenario is consistent with the average grades and bulk ore contents of these elements from global (oxidized) porphyry (±skarn) Cu deposits. This suggests that the saturation of magmatic sulfides in the magma chamber as a result of higher proportion of crustal S-rich and/or reduced material contamination can be detrimental for PGE and Te enrichment processes, and thus, Cu-Au porphyry (±skarn) deposits have more potential for higher Pd and Te concentrations than the Cu-Mo deposits

Geology and Geochronology of the Miocene Rio Blanco Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit, Northern Peru

The Rio Blanco porphyry Cu-Mo deposit occurs at the north end of the Miocene metallogenic belt of northern Peru. It has a thick supergene enrichment blanket; while normal for hyperarid Chile, this is unusual in mountainous, cloud forest terrain. Rio Blanco is hosted by the Portachuela batholith. Zircon U-Pb dating shows that the youngest part of the batholith was emplaced at 12.43 ± 0.13 Ma. The deposit formed during three magmatic-hydrothermal cycles. Cycle 1, by far the most important, occurred at 11.50 ± 0.17 to 10.92 ± 0.14 Ma (zircon U-Pb). Two intermineralization intrusions caused early potassic and propylitic alteration. This was then overprinted by a blanket of quartz-sericite, grading down into sericite-chlorite alteration. Cycle 1 was finally cut by a quartz-sericite–cemented breccia, which contains the highest-grade hypogene Cu-Mo grades. A cycle 1 molybdenite-bearing vein has a molybdenite Re-Os model age of 11.43 ± 0.16 Ma. Molybdenite Re-Os dating of the quartz-sericite–cemented breccias shows brecciation occurred at 11.28 ± 0.24 to 11.11 ± 0.18 Ma. Cycle 2 was restricted to the east side, where narrow porphyritic dacite 1 dikes (dated by zircon U-Pb at 10.62 ± 0.16 Ma) show biotite alteration and economic copper. Cycle 3, at 10.02 ± 0.12 to 9.06 ± 0.09 Ma (zircon U-Pb), was triggered by a swarm of NE-striking quartz-plagioclase porphyry and porphyritic dacite 2 dikes. Alteration was milder, and this cycle did not introduce economic copper. Nonmineralized pebble dikes cut the system, emanating from a major diatreme, about 3 × 1.3 km in size, on the north side of the deposit. The magmatic-hydrothermal history spanned about 2.5 m.y., with economic mineralization over about 1.48 m.y. However, metals were mostly introduced during cycle 1, which lasted approximately 0.58 m.y. Our work shows that while multiple magmatic-hydrothermal cycles produced Rio Blanco, sufficient metals were introduced to form a giant porphyry deposit within a single magmatic-hydrothermal cycle

Hybridization alters the gut microbial and metabolic profile concurrent with modifying intestinal functions in Tunchang pigs

IntroductionHybridization has been widely used among Chinese wild boars to improve their growth performance and maintain meat quality. Most studies have focused on the genetic basis for such variation. However, the differences in the gut environment between hybrid and purebred boars, which can have significant impacts on their health and productivity, have been poorly understood.MethodsIn the current study, metagenomics was used to detect the gut microbial diversity and composition in hybrid Batun (BT, Berkshire × Tunchang) pigs and purebred Tunchang (TC) pigs. Additionally, untargeted metabolomic analysis was used to detect differences in gut metabolic pathways. Furthermore, multiple molecular experiments were conducted to demonstrate differences in intestinal functions.ResultsAs a result of hybridization in TC pigs, a microbial change was observed, especially in Prevotella and Lactobacillus. Significant differences were found in gut metabolites, including fatty acyls, steroids, and steroid derivatives. Furthermore, the function of the intestinal barrier was decreased by hybridization, while the function of nutrient metabolism was increased.DiscussionEvidences were shown that hybridization changed the gut microbiome, gut metabolome, and intestinal functions of TC pigs. These findings supported our hypothesis that hybridization altered the gut microbial composition, thereby modifying the intestinal functions, even the host phenotypes. Overall, our study highlights the importance of considering the gut microbiome as a key factor in the evaluation of animal health and productivity, particularly in the context of genetic selection and breeding programs

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Long-Short-Term Memory Network Based Hybrid Model for Short-Term Electrical Load Forecasting

Short-term electrical load forecasting is of great significance to the safe operation, efficient management, and reasonable scheduling of the power grid. However, the electrical load can be affected by different kinds of external disturbances, thus, there exist high levels of uncertainties in the electrical load time series data. As a result, it is a challenging task to obtain accurate forecasting of the short-term electrical load. In order to further improve the forecasting accuracy, this study combines the data-driven long-short-term memory network (LSTM) and extreme learning machine (ELM) to present a hybrid model-based forecasting method for the prediction of short-term electrical loads. In this hybrid model, the LSTM is adopted to extract the deep features of the electrical load while the ELM is used to model the shallow patterns. In order to generate the final forecasting result, the predicted results of the LSTM and ELM are ensembled by the linear regression method. Finally, the proposed method is applied to two real-world electrical load forecasting problems, and detailed experiments are conducted. In order to verify the superiority and advantages of the proposed hybrid model, it is compared with the LSTM model, the ELM model, and the support vector regression (SVR). Experimental and comparison results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid model can give satisfactory performance and can achieve much better performance than the comparative methods in this short-term electrical load forecasting application

Zircon U-Pb dating for the granite prophyries in Hongshan prophry copper deposit and Tongkenzhang porphyry molybdenum deposits in East Jiangxi Province and their significance

The Tongkengzhang molybdenum deposit and Hongshan copper deposit are two important porphyry deposits in the Wuyishan metallogenic belt in Southeast China. After performance of LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, we obtained 138 ± 1Ma for the granite-prophyry in Tongkengzhang porphyry Mo deposit, and 99Ma and 49Ma for the granite prophyry in Hongshan porphyry Cu mine. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the granite prophyry in Hongshan deposit gives two distinguishing ages, which possibly represent the granite porphyry crystallization and disturb of post-mineralization thermal event, respectively. The data show the ages of the granite porphyry are consistent with those molybdenite Re-Os dating achieved by previous studies, which reflects the Cretaceous rock- and oreforming event. Based on compiled data from previous researches, we suggest that the Tongkengzhang Mo porphyry and the Hongshan Cu porphyry occurred in the extensional belt of the continental back arc and in the extensional faulted basins trigged by lithospheric thinning, respectively

Mineralogy and titanite geochronology of the Caojiaba W deposit, Xiangzhong metallogenic province, southern China: implications for a distal reduced skarn W formation

The Caojiaba tungsten deposit (19.03 Mt@ 0.37 wt% WO3) is hosted by skarn along the contact between clastic and carbonate rocks in the Xiangzhong Metallogenic Province of southern China. The deposit is characterized by an early prograde skarn containing low andraditic garnet (Ad0.7–21.9) and hedenbergitic pyroxene (Hd52.9–77.3) overprinted by a retrograde biotite–chlorite assemblage and then by quartz–scheelite veins, similar to well-studied reduced tungsten skarns worldwide. Scheelite has low MoO3 (0.01–0.16 wt%), and ore commonly contains up to 1.5 ppm Au and up to 0.33 wt% Sb. Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U–Pb analyses of hydrothermal titanite coexisting with scheelite in three skarn ore samples provide ages between 206 ± 5 Ma and 196 ± 3 Ma (2σ). Our new ages demonstrate that the tungsten mineralization took place at Caojiaba between 206 and 196 Ma, overlapping the 228–201 Ma emplacement age of granitic rocks in the Xiangzhong Metallogenic Province. Mineralogical and geochronological evidence collectively indicates that Caojiaba is a distal reduced W skarn deposit. The 226–196 Ma granite-related W mineralization recognized throughout the province has a possible link with the widespread Sb–Au mineralization in the region.This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2014CB440902) and the National Science Foundation of China (41573042, 41430314 and 41372090)

Distal Au deposits associated with Cu-Au skarn mineralization in the Fengshan area, eastern China

Carbonate-hosted Au deposits (12 million tonnes at 5.0 g/t Au) are located less than 1.5 km away from Cu-Au skarn deposits in the Fengshan area, Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt, eastern China. The skarn deposits occur in the contact zones of late Mesozoic granodiorite porphyry intrusions. Bismuth tellurides and coloradoite (HgTe) occur in Cu-Au skarn and peripheral Au-As ores, respectively, whereas tellurides, including coloradoite, and lorandite (TlAsS2) are present in carbonate-hosted Au ores outside the marble front. New zircon U-Pb ages indicate that the granodiorite porphyry intrusions spatially related to both Cu-Au skarn and carbonate-hosted Au deposits were emplaced between 149.9 ± 1.3 and 145.9 ± 0.7 Ma, which overlaps with molybdenite Re-Os ages of 149.1 ± 2.1 to 145.4 ± 2.9 Ma from the Cu-Au skarn deposits. Sulfur isotope compositions of sulfide minerals from the Cu-Au skarn deposits (δ34S = –2.5 to 6.4‰) are similar to those from carbonate-hosted Au deposits (δ34S = –4.8 to 2.6‰), suggesting a similar magmatic source of sulfur. Geologic, mineralogical, and sulfur isotope evidence collectively indicate that the carbonate-hosted Au deposits are the distal product of Cu-Au skarn mineralization rather than Carlin-type Au deposits, as has been previously suggested. This study proposes a genetic model to illustrate possible linkages between oxidized Cu-Au skarn deposits (associated with oxidized magmas) and carbonate-hosted Au deposits, which may have important implications for Au deposits in the more distal parts of Cu-Au skarn systems in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt and elsewhereThis work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program, China (2016YFC0600206), and the National Science Foundation of China (41372090 and 41573042)