Did population well-being improve during Porfirian Mexico? An approximation using a Quasi-Index of human development

It is argued that economic growth during the Porfiriato did not improve the well-being of Mexican population. One explanation for such result is that economic growth pattern was skewed and benefited more the northern states and less the southern ones. Following the estimation method of the Human Development Index (HDI), we calculate a Human Development Quasi-Index for the Mexican states during the period 1895-1910. Results show that starting the period (1895) the northern states were already the most developed. During the next 15 year this pattern was maintained and the dispersion in human development increased marginally. Finally, it is shown that the true losers of Porfiriato were the states surrounding Mexico City and not the southern ones.human development, well-being, Mexico, Porfiriato

Determinación de la dieta estacional del coyote (Canis latrans) en la región norte de la Reserva de la Biosfera Mapimí, México

ResumenEn este estudio se determinó y comparó la dieta del coyote en sitios dentro y fuera de la Reserva de la Biosfera Mapimí. Se colectó un total de 201 excrementos de coyote, 62 en la temporada seca y 139 en lluvia, de marzo de 2000 a marzo de 2001. Se identificaron 50 y 45 componentes alimenticios en cada temporada, respectivamente. Las muestras se analizaron de manera temporal, para toda el área y por sitios. De los 299 componentes-presas identificados en la temporada seca y 894 en la de lluvia, la mayor frecuencia de consumo se presentó con los artrópodos, principalmente Acrididae, Cicadellidae, Coleoptera y Lepidoptera; mamíferos, sobresaliendo Lepus californicus y Sylvilagus audubonii. El material vegetal, los reptiles y las aves se presentaron con una frecuencia menor. El grupo de los mamíferos aportó la mayor biomasa, con 86.47% en la temporada seca y 72.52% en lluvia. Se observó un mayor consumo de materia vegetal en los sitios con menor grado de modificación. Estos resultados confirman que el coyote es un depredador generalista, omnívoro y oportunista; con una fuerte tendencia a consumir artrópodos durante ambas temporadas, aunque la mayor aportación de biomasa la obtenga de los mamíferos.AbstractIn this study we determined and compared coyote diet within and out of the Mapimí Biosphere Reserve. We collected 201 coyote scats, 62 in the dry season and 139 in the rainy season from March 2000 to March 2001. Samples were analyzed for the general area and by sites. We identified 50 and 45 items for the dry and rainy season, respectively. Out of 299 items identified for the dry season and 894 for the rainy season, the more frequent items were arthropods, mainly Acrididae, Cicadellidae, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera; mammals, mainly Lepus californicus and Sylvilagus audubonii. Plant material, reptiles and birds were less frequently consumed items. Mammals provided the greatest biomass, 86.5% in the dry season and 72.5% in the rainy season. Plant material was consumed more frequently at less modified sites. These results support the idea that coyote is a generalist, omnivore and opportunist predator, with a strong tendency to consume arthropods during the whole year, although the greatest biomass is obtained from mammals

Adipose tissue as a target for second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics: A molecular view

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder that chronically affects 21 million people worldwide. Secondgeneration antipsychotics (SGAs) are the cornerstone in the management of schizophrenia. However, despite their efficacy in counteracting both positive and negative symptomatology of schizophrenia, recent clinical observations have described an increase in the prevalence of metabolic disturbances in patients treated with SGAs, including abnormal weight gain, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. While the molecular mechanisms responsible for these side-effects remain poorly understood, increasing evidence points to a link between SGAs and adipose tissue depots of white, brown and beige adipocytes. In this review, we survey the present knowledge in this area, with a particular focus on the molecular aspects of adipocyte biology including differentiation, lipid metabolism, thermogenic function and the browning/beiging processThis work was funded by H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie ActionsITN-TREATMENT (Grant Agreement 721236, European Commission). We also acknowledge grants RTI2018-094052-B-100 (MICINN/FEDER, Spain), S2017/BMD-3684 MOIR2-CM (Comunidad de Madrid, Spain) and CIBERdem (ISCIII, Spain)

Deducción de una ecuación simple para el voltaje rectifcado faradaico

Usando la ecuación general de Butler-Vohner se dedujo una ecuación simple para el voltaje rectificado con control de corriente senoidal en el potencial de equilibrio. La ecuación fue derivada en términos de los coeficientes de transferencia anódico y catódico y es aplicable en condiciones de total control por transferencia de carga. Se probó que la ecuación deducida por Doss y Agarwal a bajas frecuencias es un caso particular de nuestra ecuación, cuando se aplica a reacciones electroquímicas de un solo paso. Se examinaron también sus implicaciones

Experiences of the cultivation of mulberry Morus alba L., 1753 (ROSALES: MORACEAE) and its use in feeding nile tilapia -Oreochromis niloticus, Trew, 1984- (PERCIFORMES: CICHLIDAE) for food security programs in the tropics

Objetivos: Considerar como una de las alternativas viables para la disminución de costos de alimento en los programas de seguridad alimentaria la utilización de plantas forrajeras comunes de zonas tropicales, en las dietas de los peces. Metodología: Se recopilaron las experiencias exitosas obtenidas por 20 años en la Estación Piscícola de la Universidad de Caldas, utilizando la morera (Morus alba) como planta forrajera y suministrada a la tilapia nilótica (Oreochromis niloticus) en fase de levante y engorde. Resultados: Se han obtenido crecimientos en estanques entre 0,6 a 1,2 g/pez/día con suministro de morera fresca y una conversión de 1,9 y la harina de hoja de morera incluida en alimentos balanceados dio como resultado un crecimiento promedio de 1,6 g/pez/día. Conclusiones: Se sugiere el suministro de las hojas de morera de manera fresca a los peces o incluir la harina de la hoja de morera seca en el alimento balanceado, lográndose un reemplazo de la torta de soya en un 4%, para producciones piscícolas campesinas o comerciales pequeñas.Objectives: To consider the use of common forage plants of tropical zones in the diets of fish as one of the viable alternatives for the reduction of food costs in food security programs. Methodology: The successful experiences obtained for 20 years in the fish farm at Universidad de Caldas using mulberry (Morus alba) as a forage plant and provided to the Nilotic tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the raising and fattening phase were gathered. Results: Growth between 0.6 to 1.2 g /fish/day in ponds has been obtained with fresh mulberry supply and a conversion of 1.9 and mulberry leaf meal included in balanced feed, resulted in average growth of 1.6 g /fish/day. Conclusions: It is suggested to supply the mulberry leaves to the fish in a fresh way or to include the dry mulberry leaf meal in the balanced feed, achieving a 4% replacement of the soybean cake for peasants’ fish farms or small producers

CAPACITY OF SHORT PILES AND CAISSONS IN SOFT CLAY FROM GEOTECHNICAL CENTRIFUGE TESTS

Geotechnical centrifuge tests were conducted to examine the behavior of low aspect ratio piles and caissons in clayey soils subjected to high moment loading. Model piles with aspect ratio of two were tested in the 150g-ton centrifuge at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Results include moment-inclination and force-displacement response for different loading conditions. Numerical studies were also performed consisting of three dimensional finite element simulations in order to predict capacities. The comparisons are performed in terms of the total resistance that is exerted by the soil on the caisson. This paper focuses on presenting the ultimate bearing capacity factors including both experimental and numerical results. In addition, results are compared to a series of studies available in the literature, which include upper bound solutions and experimental results.US National Science Foundatio

Case report of Aeromonas salmonicida in nilotic tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Caldas, Colombia

Objetivos: Las Aeromonas salmonicida son bacilos gram-negativos, anaerobios facultativos, normales en medios ambientes acuáticos y en suelos, identificadas como agentes patógenos en animales poiquilotermos y homeotermos. Los cambios climáticos y la alta contaminación del agua han aumentado probablemente las bacterias en el medio ambiente e incrementado la casuística en las producciones piscícolas comerciales e intensivas, generando altas mortalidades y pérdidas económicas considerables, razón por la cual es importante identificar el agente patógeno por medio de los diferentes métodos diagnósticos. Resultados: El tratamiento a instaurar debe contemplar un manejo integral del medio acuático, contemplar métodos alternativos como la herbolaria medicinal o fitoterapia de plantas de uso común y de fácil acceso, económicos y biodegradables. Conclusiones: Se reporta por primera vez esta bacteria en la Estación Piscícola Caldas, coincidiendo con los cambios ecológicos y climáticos sufridos como factores predisponentes.Objetives: Aeromonas salmonicida are gram-negative bacilli, facultative anaerobes, normal in aquatic environments and in soils, identified as pathogenic agents in poikilotherms and homeotherms. Climate changes and high-water pollution have probably increased the bacteria in the environment, increasing the casuistic in commercial and intensive fish production, thus generating high mortality and considerable economic losses, which is why it is important to identify the pathogen through diff erent diagnostic methods. Results: Th e treatment to be established must contemplate a comprehensive management of the aquatic environment,contemplate alternative methods such as medical herbalism or fi toterapia of plants of common use and easy access, economic and biodegradable. Conclusions: Th is bacterium is reported for the fi rst time in the Caldas Fish Station, coinciding with the ecological and climatic changes suffered as predisposing factors

A brief summary of production parameters for sustainable peasant fish farming in the andean region

Objetivos: Los factores relevantes en la producción acuícola son los parámetros físicos y químicos del agua, como la temperatura y el oxígeno entre otros, los cuales influyen directamente en procesos bioquímicos y fisiológicos de plantas y animales. Resultados: El desequilibrio del oxígeno disuelto se deriva generalmente de un inadecuado manejo del cuerpo de agua, un deficiente cálculo de la biomasa íctica, exceso de materia orgánica, contaminaciones, ocasionándose hasta un 60% de las pérdidas en un cultivo. Conclusiones: Se busca recopilar brevemente y dar énfasis en algunos conceptos básicos de la calidad del agua, alternativas en la infraestructura de los estanques, una biomasa íctica sugerida y la utilización de plantas forrajeras comunes de la zona andina para una piscicultura campesina sostenible.Objectives: Th e relevant factors in aquaculture production are the physical and chemical parameters of water, such as temperature and oxygen, among others, which directly influence the biochemical and physiological processes of plants and animals. Results: The imbalance of the dissolved oxygen, usually derives from an inadequate water body management, a deficient calculation of the fish biomass, excess of organic matter, and contamination, causing up to 60% of the losses in a crop. Conclusions: The aim is to briefly collect and emphasize on some basic concepts of water quality, alternatives in pond infrastructure, a suggested fish biomass, and the use of common forage plants of the Andean zone for sustainable peasant fish farming

beobachtungen an einer kolonie von Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in einem waldstück der westkordillere Kolumbiens : liste der gattungen und arten und der damit verbundenen mimetischen komplexen.

Objetivos. Este trabajo tiene como propósito identificar una población de mariposas Ithomiinae que habita un fragmento de bosque subtropical ubicado en el piedemonte este de la cordillera Occidental de Colombia en el departamento de Caldas y, en segunda instancia, conocer la flora en la que conviven. Resultados. Se listan un total de 42 especies pertenecientes a 23 géneros de Ithomiinae. Alcance. Se encontró además que buena parte de ellas están involucradas en complejos miméticos y crípticos con otras familias y especies de mariposas del lugar. Conclusiones. Se resalta la importancia de la dinámica ecológica resultante de dicha asociación y se busca completar el catálogo de especies propias del cinturón cafetero de Colombia.Ziele. Der Hauptzweck dieser Arbeit ist die Identifizierung einer Schmetterlingspopulation der Gattung Ithomiinae die in einem subtropischen Waldstück vorkommt welches sich in den östlichen Ausläufern der Westkordillere Kolumbiens im Departemento von Caldas befindet, und zweitens die Flora zu kennen, in der diese Population vorkommt. Ergebnisse. Es wurden Insgesamt 42 Ithomiinae Arten und 23 Gattungen beschrieben. Kenntnisse. Es wurde festgestellt, dass einige Arten in mimetischen und kryptischen Komplexen mit anderen Schmetterlingsfamilien und Arten der Region vorkommen. Schlussfolgerungen. Die Bedeutung der ökologischen Dynamik welche sich aus dieser Gemeinschaft ergibt wird hervorgehoben. Außerdem soll das Verzeichnis der vorkommenden typischen Arten der Kaffeeanbauzone Kolumbiens ergänzt werden

Divergent modulation of nociception by glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal subpopulations in the periaqueductal gray

The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) constitutes a major descending pain modulatory system and is a crucial site for opioid-induced analgesia. A number of previous studies have demonstrated that glutamate and GABA play critical opposing roles in nociceptive processing in the vlPAG. It has been suggested that glutamatergic neurotransmission exerts antinociceptive effects, whereas GABAergic neurotransmission exert pronociceptive effects on pain transmission, through descending pathways. The inability to exclusively manipulate subpopulations of neurons in the PAG has prevented direct testing of this hypothesis. Here, we demonstrate the different contributions of genetically defined glutamatergic and GABAergic vlPAG neurons in nociceptive processing by employing cell type-specific chemogenetic approaches in mice. Global chemogenetic manipulation of vlPAG neuronal activity suggests that vlPAG neural circuits exert tonic suppression of nociception, consistent with previous pharmacological and electrophysiological studies. However, selective modulation of GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons demonstrates an inverse regulation of nociceptive behaviors by these cell populations. Selective chemogenetic activation of glutamatergic neurons, or inhibition of GABAergic neurons, in vlPAG suppresses nociception. In contrast, inhibition of glutamatergic neurons, or activation of GABAergic neurons, in vlPAG facilitates nociception. Our findings provide direct experimental support for a model in which excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the PAG bidirectionally modulate nociception