Kirola eta balio etikoak

En el auténtico deporte las reglas éticas resultan imprescindibles si no queremos que la práctica deportiva pierda su sentido. Los deportistas y los que trabajamos en este ámbito debemos de respetar simultáneamente el deporte, el juego y a nosotros mismos. No podemos utilizar el deporte ni a los deportistas para darnos a conocer; el deseo de lograr buenos resultados no nos puede condicionar, ya que la práctica deportiva ha de basarse en los valores que definen el deporte.Benetako kirolean, arau etikoak ezinbestekoak dira kirol-praktikaren zentzua galduko ez bada. Kirolariok eta kirolaren inguruan lan egiten dugunok kirolariak, kirola, jokoa, eta aldi berean geure burua errespetatu beharra daukagu. Ezin ditugu kirola eta kirolariak gure izena ezagutarazteko erabili; emaitza onak lortu nahiak ezin gaitu baldintzatu, kirol-jarduerak kirola definitzen duten baloreak izan behar baititu oinarri.Dans le sport authentique, les règles étiques sont indispensables si nous ne voulons pas que la pratique sportive perde son sens. Les sportifs et nous qui travaillons dans ce domaine devons respecter simultanément le sport, le jeu et nous-mêmes. Nous ne pouvons pas utiliser le sport ni les sportifs pour nous faire connaître; le désir d'obtenir de bons résultats ne peut pas nous conditionner, car la pratique sportive doit se baser sur les valeurs qui définissent le sport.Sport asks for us, like sportsmen, sportswomen and sport linked persons, several ethics guidelines: a respect agreement with all athletes, with the sport, and with ourselves. We must train and play with security, integrity and loyalty. We can not act any way for obtaining the results; they must be based on the main richness of sport: their ethic values

Uso y abuso de esteroides anabolizantes

Los esteroides anabolizantes son derivados sintéticos de la hormona testosterona, que se utilizan ampliamente, desde la primera juventud hasta la vejez, tanto con fines deportivos como con el ánimo de lograr una imagen corporal atlética. Su consumo se asocia con la aparición de efectos secundarios, en algunos casos graves e irreversibles, un riesgo que es desconocido por la mayor parte de los usuarios. Muchos suplementos deportivos están contaminados con estas substancias.Esteroide anabolizatzaile gehienak testosterona eta hazkunde hormonaren eratorri sintetikoak dira. Asko erabiltzen dira kirolean eta kiroletik kanpo, irudi atletikoa lortzeko. Bere kontsumoak albo ondorioak ekartzen ditu, askotan larriak eta atzeraezinak, baino jende gutxik identifikatu ditzake alboondorio hauek. Kirol gehigarri asko kutsatuta daude substantzia hauekin.Les steroides anaboliques sont dérivés synthétiques de la testosterone et de la hormone du croissance, qui sont très utilisés dans le milieu sportive et aussi pour obtenir une figure corporel athlétique. Sa consommation est associée á l'apparition des effets secondaires, souvent graves et irréversibles, pas du tout connues par le plus part des consommateurs. Beaucoup des suppléments sportifs sont contaminés avec ces substances.This article evaluates the relationship between the nutritional state, diet-related attitudes and behaviours, and the perception on body image in university students. There was a higher amount of cases of overweight in men than in women. However, the tendency to "go on a diet" was higher in women, which may be due to the existing social pressure to maintain a stylised image

Mes de nacimiento y éxito en el fútbol. Estudio del Efecto Relativo de la Edad en el fútbol guipuzcoano

Los niños nacidos más tarde dentro del año competicional sufren de menores posibilidades de promoción, debido a su menor grado de madurez física, mental y emocional. Este fenómeno, conocido como Efecto Relativo de la Edad o RAE, se estudia en el fútbol guipuzcoano y estatal, evaluando posibles los mecanismos físicos implicados. Se discuten las consecuencias del RAE, los posibles remedios y las nuevas líneas de investigación abiertas.Lehiaketa urtearen barnean beranduago jaiotako haurrek promozio aukera gutxiago izaten dute, beren gorputz, adimen eta emozio heldutasun maila txikiagoa dela eta. Fenomeno hori, Adinaren Eragin Erlatiboa (RAE) izenez ezagutzen dena, Gipuzkoako eta estatuko futbolean aztertzen ari da, tartean liratekeen mekanismo fisikoak ebaluatzen ari direlarik. RAEren ondorioak, litezkeen konponbideak eta zabalduriko ikerketa lerro berriak eztabaidatzen dira lan honetan.Les enfants nés plus tard dans l'année ont moins de possibilité de promotion, à cause de leur moindre maturité physique, mentale et émotionnelle. Ce phénomène, connu comme Effet Relatif de l'Age ou RAE, est étudié dans le football de Guipuzcoa et national, en évaluant les mécanismes physiques possibles impliqués. On parle des conséquences du RAE, les remèdes possibles et les nouvelles voies de recherche ouvertes.Children born later on during the competitional year have lesser possibilities of promotion, due to their lesser degree of physical, mental and emotional maturity. This phenomenon, better known as the Relative Age Effect or RAE, is studied in Gipuzkoan and Spanish soccer. In this context, the physical in mechanisms involved are evaluated. The consequences of RAE are discussed, as are the possible remedies and new lines of research

Testing accuracy in 2D and 3D geometric morphometric methods for cut mark identification and classification

The analysis of bone surface modifications (BSMs) is a prominent part of paleoanthropological studies, namely taphonomic research. Behavioral interpretations of the fossil record hinge strongly upon correct assessment of BSMs. With the significant impact of microscopic analysis to the study of BSMs, multiple authors have discussed the reliability of these technological improvements for gaining resolution in BSM discrimination. While a certain optimism is present, some important questions are ignored and others overemphasized without appropriate empirical support. This specifically affects the study of cut marks. A diversity of geometric morphometric approaches applied to the study of cut marks have resulted in the coexistence (and competition) of different 2D and 3D methods. The present work builds upon the foundation of experiments presented by Maté-González et al. (2015), Courtenay et al. (2017) and Otárola-Castillo et al. (2018) to contrast for the first time 2D and 3D methods in their resolution of cut mark interpretation and classification. The results presented here show that both approaches are equally valid and that the use of sophisticated 3D methods do not contribute to an improvement in accuracy

Discerning carnivore agency through the three-dimensional study of tooth pits: Revisiting crocodile feeding behaviour at FLK- Zinj and FLK NN3 (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania)

Hominins and carnivores have shared similar habitats in Africa, evolving as direct competitors for the same prey and spaces. The overlap of their ecological niches has raised an important debate on the role that carnivores played in archaeological site formation. Different analytical techniques differentiate the action of carnivores and humans and identify the type of carnivore involved of which tooth mark analyses are prominent. However, available taphonomic studies present some limitations given the great overlap among tooth mark sizes from different carnivores, enabling only the distinction of size groups, not specific carnivores. In this work, we use a new technique combining three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and geometric morphometrics (GMM) of tooth pits on equid and bovid bone created by different carnivores (including crocodiles, hyenas, jaguars, lions and wolves) in controlled settings. The 3D methodology we present isolates and differentiates tooth marks generated by different carnivores. We also test the applicability of the technique to ascribe tooth pits recorded on some hominin specimens from FLK Zinj and FLKNN 3 (Bed I, Olduvai Gorge). The tooth marks on the Olduvai OH8 and OH35 hominin fossils, previously assigned to crocodiles show that while OH8 tooth pit morphology falls in the range created by crocodiles, the pits on OH35 can not be interpreted as crocodile-inflicted marks

A Novel Approach for the Shape Characterisation of Non-Melanoma Skin Lesions Using Elliptic Fourier Analyses and Clinical Images

[EN] The early detection of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC) is crucial to achieve the best treatment outcomes. Shape is considered one of the main parameters taken for the detection of some types of skin cancer such as melanoma. For NMSC, the importance of shape as a visual detection parameter is not well-studied. A dataset of 993 standard camera images containing different types of NMSC and benign skin lesions was analysed. For each image, the lesion boundaries were extracted. After an alignment and scaling, Elliptic Fourier Analysis (EFA) coefficients were calculated for the boundary of each lesion. The asymmetry of lesions was also calculated. Then, multivariate statistics were employed for dimensionality reduction and finally computational learning classification was employed to evaluate the separability of the classes. The separation between malignant and benign samples was successful in most cases. The best-performing approach was the combination of EFA coefficients and asymmetry. The combination of EFA and asymmetry resulted in a balanced accuracy of 0.786 and an Area Under Curve of 0.735. The combination of EFA and asymmetry for lesion classification resulted in notable success rates when distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. In light of these results, skin lesions’ shape should be integrated as a fundamental part of future detection techniques in clinical screening.SIJunta de Castilla y Leó

Who ate OH80 (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania)? A geometric-morphometric analysis of surface bone modifications of a Paranthropus boisei skeleton

Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) is one of the key areas for the study of human origins, given the sheer abundance of archaeological and paleontological sites discovered. Several of these archaeological sites have yielded numerous hominin fossils and traces of their activities, thus offering invaluable insights into the nature and origins of human behavior. Nevertheless, certain taphonomic discussions that have been of great importance for the study of the South African cave sites have remained unnoticed in East Africa. One of these issues revolves around the interpretation of Paranthropus as a common prey of predators. In this paper, we analyze the postcranial remains of OH80, a partial skeleton of a Paranthropus boisei discovered at the BK site (Bell Korongo, Bed II of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) in 2010. Some of the specimens of this skeleton have been reported to show surface modifications tentatively associated to the action of carnivores. Here, several pits observed on OH80-12, the Paranthropus boisei femur, were digitally reconstructed and analyzed through geometric morphometrics to determine the nature of the marks. The OH80-12 marks are compared with a modern sample of percussion marks and several carnivore tooth pits, since the action of both agents has previously been identified at the site and can sometimes result in equifinality problems. Alongside already published geometric morphometric tests, here we present a very newly developed approach based on the combination of geometric morphometric data and the training of machine learning algorithms. Both methodologies highlight that OH80 was consumed by carnivores, being a felid the most likely modifying agent

FLK West (Lower Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania): a new early Acheulean site with evidence for human exploitation of fauna

This paper presents a detailed taphonomic study of the faunal assemblage from FLK West (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania), a site with an Acheulean component that dates to 1.7 Ma. The faunal sample analysed here is distributed in different archaeological levels and is associated with a significant lithic accumulation including several large format tools and handaxes. The fauna indicates the proliferation of open environments similar to those found in other Bed II and late Bed I sites. Evidence of anthropogenic activity (e.g. defleshing activities and marrow consumption) has been identified in the form of cut and percussion marks. A photogrammetric and morphometric analysis suggests that these marks were produced with quartzite flakes and not with handaxes. Evidence of interaction with carnivores was also noted; tooth marks were observed on some bones. Such interaction indicates the existence of competition between humans and carnivores for the same ecological niche, and might lead us to reflect on the survival strategies of Lower Pleistocene hominins

Early Pleistocene faunivorous hominins were not kleptoparasitic, and this impacted the evolution of human anatomy and socio-ecology

Humans are unique in their diet, physiology and socio-reproductive behavior compared to other primates. They are also unique in the ubiquitous adaptation to all biomes and habitats. From an evolutionary perspective, these trends seem to have started about two million years ago, coinciding with the emergence of encephalization, the reduction of the dental apparatus, the adoption of a fully terrestrial lifestyle, resulting in the emergence of the modern anatomical bauplan, the focalization of certain activities in the landscape, the use of stone tools, and the exit from Africa. It is in this period that clear taphonomic evidence of a switch in diet with respect to Pliocene hominins occurred, with the adoption of carnivory. Until now, the degree of carnivorism in early humans remained controversial. A persistent hypothesis is that hominins acquired meat irregularly (potentially as fallback food) and opportunistically through klepto-foraging. Here, we test this hypothesis and show, in contrast, that the butchery practices of early Pleistocene hominins (unveiled through systematic study of the patterning and intensity of cut marks on their prey) could not have resulted from having frequent secondary access to carcasses. We provide evidence of hominin primary access to animal resources and emphasize the role that meat played in their diets, their ecology and their anatomical evolution, ultimately resulting in the ecologically unrestricted terrestrial adaptation of our species. This has major implications to the evolution of human physiology and potentially for the evolution of the human brain

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group