Seleção de acessos de tomateiro resistentes à pinta-preta pela análise de agrupamento das curvas de progresso da doença

O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar acessos resistentes à pinta-preta (Alternaria tomatophila) por meio da análise de agrupamento das curvas de progresso da doença em tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum). Foram avaliados 134 acessos de tomateiro do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH-UFV), no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, além das testemunhas suscetíveis 'Débora' e 'Santa Clara'. As plantas foram inoculadas com uma mistura de conídios de diferentes isolados de Alternaria spp. e avaliadas regularmente quanto à severidade da doença a cada três dias após a inoculação, no total de seis avaliações. Ajustou-se o modelo logístico aos dados de severidade da pinta-preta, e as estimativas obtidas para a incidência final da doença (B1) e a taxa de progresso da doença (B3) foram submetidas à análise de variância multivariada (Manova). As médias dessas estimativas, para cada acesso, foram submetidas à análise de agrupamento. Foram formados 24 grupos distintos com base no agrupamento das curvas de progresso da doença, o que possibilitou identificar os acessos BGH-2143, BGH-2235, BGH-2270 e BGH-2118 de tomateiro como potenciais fontes de resistência à pinta-preta

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Construction Of An Atomic Beam System And Efficient Production Of Metastable States

We mounted a versatile atomic beam system, that can be operated with a large variety of chemical elements in their fundamental state or in metastable levels. This system permits to observe the electrical discharge region, turning possible to take the emission spectra of the excitation processes. The spectrum done for calcium is the first one in the literature in this condition, to our knowledge. After the excitation region, we found 45% of the atoms in the (4s4p) 3P 1,2,3 metastable triplet. In this work we present a general description of an atomic beam system, with the expected values for calcium and magnesium, and a detailed description of the vacuum system and the atomic source. We discuss the processes of excitation to the metastable levels, the characterization of the efficiency of the discharge to populate the metastable triplet and the emission spectra of the discharge region.272266275Sugar, J., Corliss, C., (1979) J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, p. 865Vaeck, N., Godefroid, M., Hansen, J.E., (1991) J. Phys. B, 24, p. 361Bizeau, J.M., Cubaynes, D., Kallne, E., Morgan, T.J., Obert, J., Putaux, J.-C., Richter, M., Wuilleumier, F.J., (1991) Phys. Rev. Lett., 65, p. 576Aspect, A., Bauche, J., Godefroid, M., Grangier, P., Hansen, J.E., Vaeck, N., (1991) J. Phys. B, 24, p. 4077King, W.H., (1984) Isotope Shifts in Atomic Spectra, , Plenum PressStrumia, F., (1972) Metrologia, 8, p. 85Strumia, F., (1988) Laser Science and Technology, p. 367. , edited by A. N. Chester et al, Plenum PressHelmcke, J., Morinaga, A., Ishikawa, J., Riehle, F., (1989) I.E.E.E Trans., IM-38, p. 524Godone, A., Novero, C., (1993) Metrologia, 30, p. 163Beverini, N., De Pascalis, S., Maccioni, E., Pereira, D., Strumia, F., Vissani, G., Wang, Y.Z., Novero, C., (1989) Opt. Lett., 14, p. 350Cai, W.Q., Beverini, N., Del Tredici, S., Gomide, J.V.B., Maccioni, E., Strumia, F., (1992) SPIE, 1726, p. 212. , ShanghaiSengstock, K., Sterr, U., Hennig, G., Bettermann, D., Muller, J.H., Ertmer, W., (1993) Opt. Commun., 103, p. 73Beverini, N., Maccioni, E., Pereira, D., Strumia, F., (1989) Frequency Standards and Metrology, p. 282. , ed. A.De Marchi, Springer Verlag, pagKurosu, T., Shimizu, F., (1990) Jap. Journ. Appl. Phys., 29, p. 2127Beverini, N., Gomide, J.V.B., Maccioni, E., Strumia, F., Vissani, G., (1991) Light Induced Kinetic Effects on Atoms, Ions and Molecules, p. 111. , ed. L. Moi et al, ETS EditriceWitte, A., Kisters, T., Riehle, F., Helmcke, J., (1992) J. Opt. Soc. Am., B-9, p. 1030Godone, A., Novero, C., Bava, E., (1991) IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., IM-40, p. 149Beverini, N., Cai, W.Q., Del Tredici, S., Gomide, J.V.B., Maccioni, E., Messina, A.M., Strumia, F., (1994) Opt. Commun., 110, p. 309Gomide, J.V.B., Garcia, G.A., Cruz, F.C., Pereira, D., Scalabrin, A., (1994) International Quantum Electronics Conference Technical Digest, , Anaheim, CA, USARamsey, N.F., (1956) Molecular Beams, , Oxford PressGiusfredi, G., Godone, A., Bava, E., Novero, C., (1988) J. Appl. Phys., 63, p. 1279Tenenbaum, J., Smilanski, I., Gabay, S., Erez, G., Levin, L.A., (1978) J. Appl. Phys., 49, p. 2662Dushman, (1966) Scientific Foundation of Vacuum Technology, , John Wiley and Sons, 2nd editionGiusfredi, G., Godone, A., Bava, E., Novero, C., (1988) J. Appl. Phys., 63 (5), p. 1279Gornik, W., Kaiser, D., Lange, W., Luther, J., Meier, K., Radloff, H.-H., Shulz, H.H., (1973) Phys. Lett., 45 A, p. 21

Disrupting membrane raft domains by alkylphospholipids

AbstractUsing phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy we study the influence of the alkylphospholipid, ALP, 10-(octyloxy) decyl-2-(trimethylammonium) ethyl phosphate, ODPC, in giant unilamellar vesicles, GUVs, composed of DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), brain sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol (Chol). The results show that adding 100μM ODPC (below CMC) to the outer solution of GUVs promotes DOPC membrane disruption over a period of 1h of continuous observation. On the other hand, the presence of SM and Chol in homogeneous fluid lipid bilayers protects the membrane from disruption. Interestingly, by adding 100μM ODPC to GUVs containing DOPC:SM:Chol (1:1:1), which display liquid ordered (Lo)–liquid disordered (Ld) phase coexistence, the domains rapidly disappear in less than 1min of ODPC contact with the membrane. The lipids are subsequently redistributed to liquid domains within a time course of 14–18min, reflecting that the homogenous phase was not thermodynamically stable, followed by rupture of the GUVs. A similar mechanism of action is also observed for perifosine, although to a larger extent. Therefore, the initial stage of lipid raft disruption by both ODPC and perifosine, and maybe other ALPS, by promoting lipid mixing, may be correlated with their toxicity upon neoplastic cells, since selective (dis)association of essential proteins within lipid raft microdomains must take place in the plasma membrane