Selection of diagnostic features on breast MRI to differentiate between malignant and benign lesions using computer-aided diagnosis: differences in lesions presenting as mass and non-mass-like enhancement

Purpose: To investigate methods developed for the characterisation of the morphology and enhancement kinetic features of both mass and non-mass lesions, and to determine their diagnostic performance to differentiate between malignant and benign lesions that present as mass versus non-mass types. Methods: Quantitative analysis of morphological features and enhancement kinetic parameters of breast lesions were used to differentiate among four groups of lesions: 88 malignant (43 mass, 45 non-mass) and 28 benign (19 mass, 9 non-mass). The enhancement kinetics was measured and analysed to obtain transfer constant (Ktrans) and rate constant (kep). For each mass eight shape/margin parameters and 10 enhancement texture features were obtained. For the lesions presenting as nonmass-like enhancement, only the texture parameters were obtained. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to build the diagnostic model. Results: For lesions presenting as mass, the four selected morphological features could reach an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.87 in differentiating between malignant and benign lesions. The kinetic parameter (kep) analysed from the hot spot of the tumour reached a comparable AUC of 0.88. The combined morphological and kinetic features improved the AUC to 0.93, with a sensitivity of 0.97 and a specificity of 0.80. For lesions presenting as non-mass-like enhancement, four texture features were selected by the ANN and achieved an AUC of 0.76. The kinetic parameter kepfrom the hot spot only achieved an AUC of 0.59, with a low added diagnostic value. Conclusion: The results suggest that the quantitative diagnostic features can be used for developing automated breast CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) for mass lesions to achieve a high diagnostic performance, but more advanced algorithms are needed for diagnosis of lesions presenting as non-mass-like enhancement. © The Author(s) 2009

Breast MRI: guidelines from the European Society of Breast Imaging

The aim of breast MRI is to obtain a reliable evaluation of any lesion within the breast. It is currently always used as an adjunct to the standard diagnostic procedures of the breast, i.e., clinical examination, mammography and ultrasound. Whereas the sensitivity of breast MRI is usually very high, specificity—as in all breast imaging modalities—depends on many factors such as reader expertise, use of adequate techniques and composition of the patient cohorts. Since breast MRI will always yield MR-only visible questionable lesions that require an MR-guided intervention for clarification, MRI should only be offered by institutions that can also offer a MRI-guided breast biopsy or that are in close contact with a site that can perform this type of biopsy for them. Radiologists involved in breast imaging should ensure that they have a thorough knowledge of the MRI techniques that are necessary for breast imaging, that they know how to evaluate a breast MRI using the ACR BI-RADS MRI lexicon, and most important, when to perform breast MRI. This manuscript provides guidelines on the current best practice for the use of breast MRI, and the methods to be used, from the European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI)

Transtorno de humor bipolar: diversas apresentações de uma mesma doença Bipolar mood disorder: different occurrences of the same disease

O presente relato tem por objetivo acompanhar a evolução de um caso que se apresentou como mutismo seletivo e evoluiu para transtorno de humor bipolar e chamar atenção para a diversidade de sintomas possíveis no transtorno de humor. Em geral, o mutismo seletivo tem início na idade pré-escolar, porém os sintomas chamam mais atenção na idade escolar. A importância do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces reside na prevenção das complicações, tais como distúrbios no desenvolvimento social e acadêmico e na auto-estima, além da possibilidade de evolução para outros transtornos de ansiedade. O transtorno de humor bipolar é uma doença mental caracterizada por variações extremas no humor. Na criança, prejudica o crescimento emocional e seu desenvolvimento. É confundido com transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade e transtornos de comportamento, tais como transtorno de conduta e desafiador opositivo. A paciente do sexo feminino, quando avaliada, estava com 5 anos e 9 meses de idade. Concluiu-se o diagnóstico como mutismo seletivo. Foi indicada psicoterapia, com orientações aos pais e à escola, e iniciado o uso de inibidores seletivos de recaptação da serotonina, com boa resposta aos sintomas de ansiedade, mas passou a apresentar piora significativa do comportamento. Foi levantada a hipótese diagnóstica de transtorno de humor bipolar de início precoce. Medicada com estabilizador, apresentou adequação na terceira medicação e evolução satisfatória. O mutismo seletivo, considerado um transtorno de ansiedade na infância, pode ser pródromo para outros quadros psiquiátricos na infância. Há necessidade que os pediatras, médicos que primeiro acessam essas crianças, assim como os psiquiatras da infância, estejam atentos à riqueza de sintomas que pode dar seguimento ao quadro.<br>The purpose of the present case report is to follow the evolution of a child who presented selective mutism and evolved into bipolar mood disorder, and also to draw attention to the diversity of possible symptoms of mood disorders. In general, selective mutism starts at preschool age, although the symptoms are more evident at school age. The importance of an early diagnosis and treatment lies in the prevention of some complications, such as social and academic development and self-esteem, besides the possibility of the development of other anxiety disorders. Bipolar mood disorder is a mental disease characterized by extreme mood variations. In childhood, it hinders the child's emotional growth and development. Selective mutism is mistaken by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and behavioral disorders, such as conduct disorder and oppositional defiance disorder. The present case report is about a female patient evaluated at 5 years and 9 months of age. We concluded the case as being a selective mutism disorder. Not only psychotherapy, with parent and school orientation, but also medication was prescribed. The first prescribed medication was use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with good results regarding anxiety symptoms, although the patient started to present significant deterioration in behavior. Because of that, the diagnostic hypothesis came to be bipolar mood disorder with an early start. The patient presented satisfactory evolution only after given a third option of mood stabilizer medication. Selective mutism, which is an anxiety disorder in childhood, can be prodromus to other psychiatric conditions at the same age. It is necessary for pediatricians, who are the doctors that first assess these children, and also child psychiatrists, to be aware of the wealth of symptoms that can give continuation to the condition