Effects of a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in lactate and heart rate during the menstrual cycle in young skater athletes

INTRODUCTION: High intensity interval training (HIIT) effects on heart rate and lactate concentration have been widely documented in male and female athletes. However, there few reports focused to study the dynamics of these cardiac and metabolic markers during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. PURPOSE: The aim of this studywas analyze the dynamics of heart rate and lactate concentration during a HIIT protocol in the different phases of the menstrual cycle (MC) in young eumenorrheic athletes women. METHODS: Two young skater athletes (14.5±0.7 yrs.) with regular menstrual cycles were recruited. The normality of the cycle was measured with a menstrual calendar. The estimated VO2 max was assessed in an electrically braked cycle ergometer (Lode) using a graded exercise test. The HIIT protocol consisted of 12 sessions of 6 high intensity intervals at 80% VO2 max, and 6 rest intervals at 40% VO2 max. Basal and post-exercice heart rate (HR) and lactate concentrations (LC) were measured with a pulsometer (polar FT1) or test strips (Nova Biomedical), respectively. The MC was divided in six phases: Early follicular (EF), Mid follicular (MF), Late follicular (LF), Early luteal (EL), Mid luteal (ML) and Late luteal (LL), using the date since their first menstrual discharge as the start of the EF phase. RESULTS: There was a significative correlation between HR and LC (r: 0.37, p: 0.0034) throughout the 12 HIIT sessions, but this was not statistically significant in EF (r: 0.36, p: 0.21), MF (r: 0.86, p: 0.12), LF (r: 0.14, p: 0.68), ML (r: 0.04, p: 0.92) and LL (r: 0.67, p: 0.06). Interestingly, we did observe a highly significant correlation between HR and LC (r = 0.68, p = 0.0033) in the EL phase, characterized by rising progesterone levels and a transient decrease of estradiol concentrations. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results suggest that the normal fluctuation of steroid hormone levels during the menstrual cycle can affect the dynamics of HR and LC in eumenorrheic athletes

Relationship between PASE score with anthropometrics and cardiovascular variables associated to obesity in an older Mexican population

INTRODUCTION: Obesity in Older Adults (OA) increases the risk to acquire non-communicable diseases such as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Some reports indicate that sedentary habits or low physical activity is one of the main factor that induce obesity in elderly state. PURPOSE: Determine the relationship between the level of physical activity via Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) test, anthropometric and cardiovascular variables associated to obesity in an older Mexican population. METHODS: Fourteen OA (63.4 ± 1.78 years) from Ensenada city, Baja California were recruited. The PASE was applied individually, in each participants was determined the waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI). In the same sense, the Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and resting Heart Rate (HR) were evaluated. Spearman correlation test was employed to determine the relationship between variables. RESULTS: The PASE score was 10.58 ± 1.52. The WC was 87.72 ± 2.15 cm. The BMI showed by the participants was 27.3 ± 0.84 kg/m2. On the other hand, the SBP was 131.07 ± 4.38 mmHg. The HR was 72.07 ± 2.50 ppm. The PASE score does not showed statistical correlation with the BMI (r=0.34; p=0.22). In the same sense, there was not significate association between PASE and WC (r=-0.06; p=0.8). The HR showed negative correlation with the PASE (r=-0.45) however, this association was not significant (p=0.1). Finally, the PASE does not correlation with the SBP (r=0.13; p=0.65). CONCLUSION: The preliminary data showed that the PASE questionnaire cannot be used to predict the variables associated to obesity in older Mexican population

Acute Systemic Response Of BDNF, Lactate and Cortisol to Strenuous Exercise Modalities in Healthy Untrained Women

Acute bouts of intense exercise increase lactate concentration, which in turn stimulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production. Cortisol released during intense exercise might inhibit BDNF synthesis. This study examined the acute effects of 2 protocols of strenuous exercise on serum BDNF. Seventeen physically-active healthy females (Age = 20.0 ± 0.9 yr., BMI = 23.0 ± 2.6 kg/m2) performed a strenuous cycle-ergometer graded exercise test (GXT) and a high-intensity interval training session (HIIT). Serum BDNF, serum cortisol, cortisol: BDNF ratio and blood lactate (BLa) were recorded at baseline and immediately following exercise. Although non-statistically significant, the HIIT session elicited a higher magnitude of change from baseline for BDNF (d = 0.17) and cortisol (d = 1.18) than after the GXT (d = -0.26, and d = 0.82, respectively). An interaction was found between GXT and HIIT trials and measurements on BLa levels, with higher post-exertion values after HIIT than after GXT (p < 0.0001, η2 = 0.650, 95%CI = 2.2, 5.2). The higher BLa levels did not raise circulating BDNF. The elevated cortisol levels may have overcome the effects of lactate on BDNF. However, the higher BLa induced by HIIT suggest that interval exercise modality on the long-term could be a feasible intervention to increase circulating peripheral BDNF, at least in untrained healthy women

Influence of anthropometry and body composition in climbing ability

INTRODUCTION: Climbing has become a popular, competitive and recreational sport. It requires, principally, skilled technique and high muscle strength. Therefore, it has been necessary to implement formal studies about the training of this discipline. Investigations have been performed some studies to demonstrate that the improvement of climbing can be explained with anthropometric and physiological variables. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was evaluate the main variables that affect the performance of the climbing, namely, anthropometry, body composition and climbing level. METHODS: Eighteen climbers, ranged 22 - 40 years old and V2-V7 of climbing ability (according Hueco Tanks scale), were volunteered to participate. Measurements of anthropometric characteristics and body composition including height, arm spam, forearm maximum, midstylion-dactilion, lean arm mass, body mass index (BMI), skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, visceral fat, were performed. All variables were evaluated by using a combination of a principal component analysis (PCA) with a cluster analysis. RESULTS: When the analysis was performed in both anthropometry (skeletal muscle mass, lean arm mass and forearm maximum) and body composition (BMI, body fat mass and visceral fat) groups of variables, the results showed an 86% of the variance. The anthropometry variables showed correlation with 60% of the total variance. Concretely, the higher climbing level athletes (V5-V7) showed a higher lean body mass and arm muscle mass than the lower climbing levels athletes (V0-V4). On the other hand, the last group showed higher body fat mass and visceral fat mass with respect to the V5-V7 climbing athletes. CONCLUSION: The data of the present study showed a clear tendency on the variables, both body composition and anthropometry, in terms of the climbing level. However, these results are not completely conclusive. We suggest necessary to improve the performance of the measurements in future studies

The relationship between aerobic fitness and depression level determined with Hamilton scale in older adults

INTRODUCTION: Depression is a major public health problem associated with both morbidity and mortality throughout the world, in Mexico epidemiological reports show a prevalence of depression in older adults of 9.5% in women and 5% in men; it is widely held that regular exercise and physical activity in older subjects have a significant impact on psychological health and well-being. PURPOSE: To determine whether if higher aerobic fitness is associated with decreased symptoms of clinical depression in older adults. METHODS: Participants (n=21) included individuals raging ages from 61 to 72 years old and were not regular exercisers. The 6 minute walking test was used to determine the aerobic fitness, the total distance covered during the test was determined with pedometers; all subjects were free of unstable cardiovascular symptoms and disabilities that could interfere with performance in the sub-maximal exercise test. Indirect Peak Oxygen Consumption (VO2peak) was obtained with the equation stablished by Burr et al. (2011). Depression Symptoms were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Scale which consisted of an interview of the subjects and scoring 17 items defined in terms of a series of categories of increasing intensity. Statistical analyses included a non-parametric Spearman correlation test to determine the association between predicted VO2peak and depression, level of significance was stablished at P≤0.05. RESULTS: Twenty one overweight (BMI 29.3±3.7 kg/m2) subjects that presented mild clinical depression symptoms were included in the study. A moderate negative correlation between predicted peak VO2 and depression was obtained, with a coefficient of r= -0.5099 (P≤0.05). A regression analysis was performed to establish the significant predictor of VO2 entering the analysis a psychological variable as a dependent factor (P value 0.0102). CONCLUSION: Based on the results, there is evidence that aerobic exercise could be a plausible and healthy strategy to avert depressive symptoms in the appearance of clinical depression in older adults

Association of levels of antibodies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease with extracellular proteins of food and probiotic bacteria

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa and is related to an abnormal immune response to commensal bacteria. Our aim of the present work has been to explore the levels of antibodies (IgG and IgA) raised against extracellular proteins produced by LAB and its association with IBD. We analyzed, by Western-blot and ELISA, the presence of serum antibodies (IgA and IgG) developed against extracellular protein fractions produced by different food bacteria from the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. We used a sera collection consisting of healthy individuals (HC, n=50), Crohn's disease patients (CD, n=37), and ulcerative colitis patients (UC, n=15). Levels of IgA antibodies developed against a cell-wall hydrolase from Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus GG (CWH) were significantly higher in the IBD group (P<0.002; n=52). The specificity of our measurements was confirmed by measuring IgA antibodies developed against the CWH peptide 365-VNTSNQTAAVSAS- 377. IBD patients appeared to have different immune response to food bacteria. This paper sets the basis for developing systems for early detection of IBD, based on the association of high levels of antibodies developed against extracellular proteins from food and probiotic bacteria. © 2014 Arancha Hevia et al.Borja Sánchez and Arancha Hevia were recipients of a Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral contract and a FPI Grant, respectively, from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Research in our group is supported by Grants AGL2010-14952 and RM2010-00012-00-00 from the Spanish Plan Nacional de I+D.Peer Reviewe

Saliva secretory IgA kinetics in obese subjects submitted to a graded exercise test

INTRODUCTION: Secretory IgA (sIgA) is predominant immunoglobulin in secretions of the mucosal immune system. It inhibit attachment and replication of pathogenic microorganism, preventing colonization by these pathogens. Therefore, sIgA is consider the first line of defense against pathogens. Previous studies have indicated a direct link between low salivary sIgA levels with of upper respiratory tract infections (UTRI) episodes in endurance sports and elite athletes. PURPOSE: Determine the effect of a maximal graded exercise test on the saliva sIgA levels in obese adult subjects. METHODS: Eleven obese male subjects (Age 31± 1.53 years) were recruited. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and, Waist Circumference (WC) were measured. Graded exercise test was performed on an electrically-braked cycle ergometer (Lode). The Heart rate (HR) was registered using a digital pulse meter (Polar FT1 model) before, immediately finished the exercise and after 30 min post- exercise test. The saliva samples were collected alongside with HR during the test. RESULTS: The WC (110.37 ± 3.89 cm) and BMI (34.73 ± 1.62 kg/m2) values confirmed the obesity state in the participants. The HR at basal was 77.09 ± 3.10 bpm, at post exercise, the HR mean was 175.45 ± 4.94 bpm (p \u3c0.0001 vs basal). Finally, at 30 post exe, the HR was 91.81 ± 3.01 bpm (P \u3c0.0001 vs post-exe). In basal state, the sIgA concentration was 94.21 ± 13.57 µm/mL. At post exe, the sIgA mean was 175.9 ± 22.45 µm/mL (p\u3c0.05 vs basal). Finally, 30’ post-exercise the sIgA level was 91.39 ± 10.40 µm/mL. However, the sIgA was not modified by the exercise. CONCLUSION: The present work demonstrates that the salivary sIgA increases temporally as a response to the graded exercise test in obese adults. Although, the changes in the sIgA concentration was not accompanied with a major sIgA secretion in the saliva

Concurrent Training Increases Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Older Adults Regardless of the Exercise Frequency

Background: Human brain function declines with aging. In this sense, exercise-based interventions has a promising effect on brain plasticity for older adults. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a positive biomarker for brain neuroplasticity in healthy older adults also modified by exercise training. Selected features of the exercise prescription for improving brain health are missing; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of concurrent exercise training frequency on serum BDNF levels in healthy older adults. Methods: Nineteen volunteers (age: 65 ± 4 year; body mass index: 28.0 ± 4.5 kg/m2) completed either a three times/week (3-t/w) (n = 8) or five times/week (5-t/w) (n = 11) concurrent exercise program. The exercise program lasted 11 weeks and all exercise sessions were performed for 50 min at moderate intensity. Serum BDNF, body composition, cardiovascular, and physical fitness variables were assessed before and after the exercise training program. Results: Regardless of the group, the serum BDNF increased following the intervention (p < 0.001), and there were no significant group (p = 0.827) or interaction (p = 0.063) effects. The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased regardless of the group (p = 0.007), with a non-significant group (p = 0.722) or interaction (p = 0.223) effects. Upper- and lower-body strength increased in both groups (p = 0.003); however, there was no effect of the training frequency (p = 0.53). For the skeletal muscle mass, there was a trend in the interaction effect (p = 0.053). Finally, the body fat percentage was unchanged. Conclusion: Eleven weeks of combined exercise training increased serum BDNF levels in healthy older adults, a response independent of the training frequency. The overall fitness level improved similarly in both exercise groups. These data reveal that a minimal dosage of concurrent exercise enhance functional capacity and a brain health biomarker in older adults

The Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training on Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain: A Mini-Review

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein mainly synthetized in the neurons. Early evidence showed that BDNF participates in cognitive processes as measured at the hippocampus. This neurotrophin is as a reliable marker of brain function; moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that BDNF participates in physiological processes such as glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. The BDNF has been also studied using the exercise paradigm to determine its response to different exercise modalities; therefore, BDNF is considered a new member of the exercise-related molecules. The high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an exercise protocol characterized by low work volume performed at a high intensity [i.e., ≥80% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)]. Recent evidence supports the contention that HIIT elicits higher fat oxidation in skeletal muscle than other forms of exercise. Similarly, HIIT is a good stimulus to increase maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Few studies have investigated the impact of HIIT on the BDNF response. The present work summarizes the effects of acute and long-term HIIT on BDNF

A meta-analysis and a functional study support the influence of mtDNA variant m.16519C on the risk of rapid progression of knee osteoarthritis

[Abstract] Objectives: To identify mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic variants associated with the risk of rapid progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and to characterise their functional significance using a cellular model of transmitochondrial cybrids. Methods: Three prospective cohorts contributed participants. The osteoarthritis initiative (OAI) included 1095 subjects, the Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee included 373 and 326 came from the PROspective Cohort of Osteoarthritis from A Coruña. mtDNA variants were screened in an initial subset of 450 subjects from the OAI by in-depth sequencing of mtDNA. A meta-analysis of the three cohorts was performed. A model of cybrids was constructed to study the functional consequences of harbouring the risk mtDNA variant by assessing: mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial biosynthesis, mitochondrial fission and fusion, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, autophagy and a whole transcriptome analysis by RNA-sequencing. Results: mtDNA variant m.16519C is over-represented in rapid progressors (combined OR 1.546; 95% CI 1.163 to 2.054; p=0.0027). Cybrids with this variant show increased mtDNA copy number and decreased mitochondrial biosynthesis; they produce higher amounts of mitochondrial ROS, are less resistant to oxidative stress, show a lower expression of the mitochondrial fission-related gene fission mitochondrial 1 and an impairment of autophagic flux. In addition, its presence modulates the transcriptome of cybrids, especially in terms of inflammation, where interleukin 6 emerges as one of the most differentially expressed genes. Conclusions: The presence of the mtDNA variant m.16519C increases the risk of rapid progression of knee OA. Among the most modulated biological processes associated with this variant, inflammation and negative regulation of cellular process stand out. The design of therapies based on the maintenance of mitochondrial function is recommended