Las ONG en contexto de crisis

(Resumen)En el presente trabajo se intenta reflejar como la actual situación económica de España está afectando al Tercer Sector de Acción Social. Como consecuencia de la reducción de ingresos públicos, las ONG se ven obligados a cambiar sus estrategias para obtener sus recursos financieros; es en este aspecto en el que se basará este estudio. Por un lado, se averiguará en qué consisten las nuevas estrategias utilizadas para adquirir financiación, y por otro lado, se quiere conocer a que proyectos se destina en este momento los recursos económicos de las ONG y percibir si han variado o no por causa de la crisis. Para lograrlo, primero debemos obtener datos sobre las cuentas de las ONG antes y después de la crisis. Posteriormente se realizarán entrevistas a los directores o trabajadores de estas organizaciones para conocer las nuevas estrategias y los proyectos que llevan a cabo.(Resumo)No presente traballo inténtase reflectir como a actual situación económica de España está a afectar ó Terceiro Sector de Acción Social. Como consecuencia da redución de ingresos públicos, as ONG vense obrigadas a cambiar as súas estratexias para obter os seus recursos financeiros; é neste aspecto no que baseará este estudo. Por un lado, averiguarase en que consisten as novas estratexias utilizadas para adquirir financiamento, e por outro lado, se quere coñecer a qué proxectos se destinan neste momento os recursos económicos das ONG e percibir se variaron ou non por causa da crise. Para logralo, primeiro debemos obter datos sobre as contas das ONG antes e despois da crise. Posteriormente realizaranse entrevistas ós directores ou traballadores destas organización para coñecer as novas estratexias e os proxectos que levan a cabo.(Abstract) The purpose of this paper is to reflect how the Spanish economic situation is affecting the Third Sector of Social Action. As a result of the reduction in public revenues, the NGOs must change their strategies to obtain their financial resources; this is the area in which the research is based. On the one hand, will be find out what are the new strategies used to acquire funding and, on the other hand, the aim is knowing in what projects the NGOs are investing their resources and if these ones have changed because of the crisis. To achieve the goal, first of all, the data of the accounts of the NGOs before and after crisis will be compared. Then, directors and workers of these organizations will be interviewed in order to know the new strategies and the projects that they are developing.Traballo fin de grao (UDC.SOC). Socioloxía. Curso 2012/201

Carbon nanodot–based electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensor for miRNA-21 detection

A simple carbon nanodot–based electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensor is described for sensitive and selective detection of microRNA-21 (miRNA-21), a biomarker of several pathologies including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The photoluminescent carbon nanodots (CNDs) were obtained using a new synthesis method, simply by treating tiger nut milk in a microwave reactor. The synthesis is environmentally friendly, simple, and efficient. The optical properties and morphological characteristics of the CNDs were exhaustively investigated, confirming that they have oxygen and nitrogen functional groups on their surfaces and exhibit excitation-dependent fluorescence emission, as well as photostability. They act as co-reactant agents in the anodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of [Ru(bpy)3]2+, producing different signals for the probe (single-stranded DNA) and the hybridized target (double-stranded DNA). These results paved the way for the development of a sensitive ECL biosensor for the detection of miRNA-21. This was developed by immobilization of a thiolated oligonucleotide, fully complementary to the miRNA-21 sequence, on the disposable gold electrode. The target miRNA-21 was hybridized with the probe on the electrode surface, and the hybridization was detected by the enhancement of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+/DNA ECL signal using CNDs. The biosensor shows a linear response to miRNA-21 concentration up to 100.0 pM with a detection limit of 0.721 fM. The method does not require complex labeling steps, and has a rapid response. It was successfully used to detect miRNA-21 directly in serum samples from heart failure patients without previous RNA extraction neither amplification processThis study is funded by the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain) projects (TRANSNANOAVANSENS, S2018/NMT-4349, CAM/B2017/BMD-3686) and Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Spanish Government) projects: CTQ2015-71955-REDT (ELECTROBIONET), CTQ2014-53334-C2-1-R and PID2020-116728RB-I0

MoS2-Carbon Nanodots as a New Electrochemiluminescence Platform for Breast Cancer Biomarker Detection

In this work, we present the combination of two different types of nanomaterials, 2D molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS2-NS) and zero-dimensional carbon nanodots (CDs), for the development of a new electrochemiluminescence (ECL) platform for the early detection and quantification of the biomarker human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), whose overexpression is associated with breast cancer. MoS2-NS are used as an immobilization platform for the thiolated aptamer, which can recognize the HER2 epitope peptide with high affinity, and CDs act as coreactants of the anodic oxidation of the luminophore [Ru(bpy)3]2+. The HER2 biomarker is detected by changes in the ECL signal of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+/CD system, with a low detection limit of 1.84 fg/mL and a wide linear range. The proposed method has been successfully applied to detect the HER2 biomarker in human serum samplesThis work has been financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PID2020-116728RB-I00, PID2020-116661RB-I00, CTQ2015-71955-REDT (ELECTROBIONET)), Community of Madrid (TRANSNANOAVANSENS, S2018/NMT-4349, and FotoArt (P2018/NMT4367), project S2018/NMT-4291 TEC2SPACE), MINECO (project CSIC13-4E-1794) and EU (FEDER, FSE). IMDEA Nanociencia receives support from the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (MINECO, Grant CEX2020-001039-S)

Carbon nanodots based biosensors for gene mutation detection

This Accepted Manuscript will be available for reuse under a CC BY-NC-ND licence after 24 months of embargo periodAn electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a carbon nanodots (CDs) modified screen-printed gold electrode as a transducer is reported in this work. CDs were synthesized by thermal carbonization of ethyleneglycol bis-(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and characterized by different techniques (DLS, TEM, FTIR, Raman). The electrode surface modification was accomplished by drop-casting a suspension of CDs. SEM analysis and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the resulting modified electrode. Synthetic 25-mer or 100-mer DNA capture probes, capable to hybridize with a specific sequence of the pathogen Helicobacter pylori or the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene were attached to the CDs-gold surface. A 25-bases synthetic fully complementary sequence or a single nucleotide polymorphism to the DNA capture probe and a 373-bases PCR amplicon of exon 11 of CFTR containing a sequence complementary to the capture probe, were employed as target. The hybridization event was electrochemically monitored by using safranine as redox indicator, which selectively binds to double stranded DNA (dsDNA). A detection limit of 0.16 nM was obtained for the 25-mer synthetic target DNA. The biosensor shows a very high reproducibility and selectivity, allowing to detect a single nucleotide polymorphism. It has been applied to the detection of F508del mutation in the CFTR geneThis work has been supported by the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid NANOAVANSENS (project No. S2013/MIT-3029) and Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad through projects Nos. CTQ2015-71955-REDT (ELECTROBIONET) and CTQ2014-53334-C2-1-R. E. L. thanks the Fulbright scholarship-Salvador de Madariaga program from Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad. I. B. gratefully acknowledges the FPI-2012 Grant from Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. R.W. gratefully acknowledges support by the European Union structural funds and the Comunidad de Madrid MAD2D-CM Program (S2013/MIT-3007), as well as by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad through project No. MAT2015-71879-

Bifunctional carbon nanodots for highly sensitive HER2 determination based on electrochemiluminescence

Early detection of breast cancer increases the chances of achieving adequate and successful treatment as soon as possible. In this work, a promising disposable electrochemiluminescent immunosensor has been developed for simple, efficient detection of the HER2 protein, a breast cancer biomarker. Nitrogen-rich carbon nanodots were synthesized with two functions: to provide functional groups for covalent immobilization of HER2 antibodies and to act as co-reactants in the electrochemiluminescent process. The proposed immunosensor responded linearly to HER2 concentration over a wide range, showing a detection limit of 20.4 pg mL−1. The reliability of this biosensor was confirmed by analyzing HER2 in the presence of another tumor biomarker (CEA), as well as various proteins and sugars. In addition, this proposed strategy presented good stability and applicability in the analysis of human serum samples, showing great potential for applications in the early diagnosis of breast cancerThis work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (CTQ2017-84309-C2-1-R; RED2018- 102412-T) and by the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Talent Attraction Project 2017-T1/BIO-5435 and the P2018/NMT4349 TRANSNANOAVANSENS Program

Fluorescent C-NanoDots for rapid detection of BRCA1, CFTR and MRP3 gene mutations

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Microchimica Acta. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3386-9The authors report on a fluorometric method for the rapid detection of BRCA1, CFRT and MRP3 gene mutations. These are associated with breast cancer, cystic fibrosis and autoimmune hepatitis diseases, respectively. Carbon nanodots with blue fluorescence (with excitation/emission maxima at 340/440 nm) were synthesized and characterized, and their interactions with DNA were investigated. Changes in the fluorescence intensity following interaction with ssDNA and dsDNA were used for specific DNA sequence of BRCA1, CFRT and MRP3 genes detection. The response to DNAs is linear up to 200 nM and the detection limit is 270 pM. The assay selectivity allows the detection of single gene mutations. Under optimum conditions, the assay can rapidly discriminate between wild type and mutated samplesCAM projects: TRANSNANOAVANSENS-CM (S2018/NMT-4349) and MAD2D-CM Program. MEIC projects: CTQ2017-84309-C2-1-R and MAT2015-71879-P. We thank the Confocal Microscopy and Flow Cytometry Services of CBMS

Functionalization of a Few-Layer Antimonene with Oligonucleotides for DNA Sensing

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in ACS Applied Nano Materials, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsanm.0c00335Antimonene, a novel group 15 two-dimensional material, is functionalized with an oligonucleotide as a first step to DNA sensor development. The functionalization process leads to a few-layer antimonene modified with DNA that after deposition on gold screen-printed electrodes gives a simple and efficient DNA electrochemical sensing platform. We provide theoretical and experimental data of the DNA–antimonene interaction, confirming that oligonucleotides interact noncovalently but strongly with antimonene. The potential utility of this antimonene-based sensing device is assessed using, as a case of study, a sequence from the BRCA1 gene as the target DNA. The selectivity of the device allows not only recognition of a specific DNA sequence but also detection of a mutation in this gene associated with breast cancer, directly in clinical samplesThe Ministerio de Ciencia Innovación y Universidades (Grants CTQ2017-84309-C2-1-R, MAT2016-77608-C3-1-P, PCI2018-093081, JTC2017/2D-Sb&Ge, and FIS2016-80434-P), Generalitat Valenciana (Grant APOSTD/2017/010), and CAM (Grants TransNANOAVANSENS and 2017-T1/BIO-5435) are gratefully acknowledged. We also acknowledge the María de Maeztu Programme for Units of Excellence in R&D (MDM-2014-0377), the Fundación Ramón Areces, and the computer resources and assistance provided by the Centro de Computación Científica of the Universidad Autónoma de Madri