Association of kidney disease measures with risk of renal function worsening in patients with type 1 diabetes

Background: Albuminuria has been classically considered a marker of kidney damage progression in diabetic patients and it is routinely assessed to monitor kidney function. However, the role of a mild GFR reduction on the development of stage 653 CKD has been less explored in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic role of kidney disease measures, namely albuminuria and reduced GFR, on the development of stage 653 CKD in a large cohort of patients affected by T1DM. Methods: A total of 4284 patients affected by T1DM followed-up at 76 diabetes centers participating to the Italian Association of Clinical Diabetologists (Associazione Medici Diabetologi, AMD) initiative constitutes the study population. Urinary albumin excretion (ACR) and estimated GFR (eGFR) were retrieved and analyzed. The incidence of stage 653 CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) or eGFR reduction > 30% from baseline was evaluated. Results: The mean estimated GFR was 98 \ub1 17 mL/min/1.73m2 and the proportion of patients with albuminuria was 15.3% (n = 654) at baseline. About 8% (n = 337) of patients developed one of the two renal endpoints during the 4-year follow-up period. Age, albuminuria (micro or macro) and baseline eGFR < 90 ml/min/m2 were independent risk factors for stage 653 CKD and renal function worsening. When compared to patients with eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73m2 and normoalbuminuria, those with albuminuria at baseline had a 1.69 greater risk of reaching stage 3 CKD, while patients with mild eGFR reduction (i.e. eGFR between 90 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) show a 3.81 greater risk that rose to 8.24 for those patients with albuminuria and mild eGFR reduction at baseline. Conclusions: Albuminuria and eGFR reduction represent independent risk factors for incident stage 653 CKD in T1DM patients. The simultaneous occurrence of reduced eGFR and albuminuria have a synergistic effect on renal function worsening

Primary rat sertoli and interstitial cells exhibit a differential response to cadmium

Two cell types central to the support of spermatogenesis, the Sertoli cell and the interstitial (Leydig) cell, were isolated from the same cohort of young male rats and challenged with cadmium chloride to compare their susceptibility to the metal. Both cell types were cultured under similar conditions, and similar biochemical endpoints were chosen to minimize experimental variability. These endpoints include the uptake of 109 Cd, reduction of the vital tetrazolium dye MTT, incorporation of 3 H-leucine, change in heat-stable cadmium binding capacity, and production of lactate. Using these parameters, it was observed that the Sertoli cell cultures were adversely affected in a dose-and time-dependent manner, while the interstitial cell cultures, treated with identical concentrations of CdCl 2 , were less affected. The 72-hr LC 50 's for Sertoli cells and interstitial cells were 4.1 and 19.6 μM CdCl 2 , respectively. Thus, different cell populations within the same tissue may differ markedly in susceptibility to a toxicant. These in vitro data suggest that the Sertoli cell, in relation to the interstitium, is particularly sensitive to cadmium. Because the Sertoli cell provides functional support for the seminiferous epithelium, the differential sensitivity of this cell type may, in part, explain cadmium-induced testicular dysfunction, particularly at doses that leave the vascular epithelium intact.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42554/1/10565_2004_Article_BF00135027.pd

Measurement Of He-ne Laser Linewidth Apparent Broadening Using A Mach-zehnder Interferometer In Vacuum Chamber

Measurements of laser spectrum from milihertz up to kilohertz and its linewidth were obtained with an optical fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer using a self-homodyne detection method and a vacuum chamber. Apparent degradation of the He-Ne laser linewidth was observed with the air pressure increase, and is probably due to external acousto-optic effects on the optical fiber that introduce phase noise on the interferometer.. © 2005 IEEE.7982Goodman, J.W., (1985) Statistical Optics, , John Wiley & SonsNazarath, M., et all, Spectral Analysis of Optical Mixing Measurements (1989) Journal of Lightwave Technology, 7 (7). , JulyTkach, R.W., Chraplyvy, A.R., Phase Noise and Linewidth in an InGaAsP DFB Laser (1986) Journal of Lightwave Technology, LT-4 (11). , NovemberMoslehi, B., Noise Power Spectra of Optical Two-Beam Interferometers Induced by the Laser Phase Noise (1986) Journal of Lightwave Technology, LT-4 (11). , NovemberJaseja, T.S., Javan, A., Townes, C.H., Frequency stability of He-Ne Masers and Measurements of Length (1963) Physical Review Letters, 10 (5), p. 165Ezekiel, S., (2004) Principles of Photonics Sensors, , SPIEBergh, R.A., et all, Single Mode Fiber Optic Components (1982) Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 32. , Fiber-Optic Rotation Sensors and Related Technologies, Ed. Ezekiel S. and Arditty H.J, N. YorkRashleigh, S.C., Ulrich, R., High birefringence in tension coiled single-mode fibers (1980) Opt. Lett, 5, p. 273Carvalho R.T., Reduction of Fiber Giroscopes Drift, in portughese, Master Thesis, ITA, Brasil (1991)Leissa, A.W., Vibration of Shell (1973), Report NASA SP-288Hocker, G.B., Fiber-optic sensing of pressure and temperature (1979) Applied Optics, 18 (9