The ANTARES Optical Module

The ANTARES collaboration is building a deep sea neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea. This detector will cover a sensitive area of typically 0.1 km-squared and will be equipped with about 1000 optical modules. Each of these optical modules consists of a large area photomultiplier and its associated electronics housed in a pressure resistant glass sphere. The design of the ANTARES optical module, which is a key element of the detector, has been finalized following extensive R & D studies and is reviewed here in detail.Comment: 26 pages, 15 figures, to be published in NI

Lixiviação de imazethapyr + imazapic em função do manejo de irrigação do arroz Imazethapyr + imazapic leaching in lowland soil as affected by rice irrigation management

Os herbicidas utilizados no sistema Clearfield® de arroz irrigado são persistentes e móveis no solo, portanto práticas de manejo podem influenciar na sua dinâmica no ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de três manejos de irrigação da cultura do arroz na lixiviação da mistura formulada dos herbicidas imazethapyr e imazapic, em solo de várzea. O experimento consistiu de um ensaio de campo seguido de um bioensaio. As coletas de amostras de solo foram feitas por meio da retirada de monolitos em áreas submetidas aos diferentes manejos de irrigação do experimento de campo. As amostras foram seccionadas em intervalos de 5 cm, até a profundidade de 30 cm. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelos manejos de irrigação por inundação contínua, intermitente e por banhos (fator A) e pelas profundidades do solo de 0 a 30 cm (fator B). Foi efetuada a comparação do crescimento de plantas de arroz não tolerantes aos herbicidas, cultivadas em solo submetido aos manejos de irrigação, com o crescimento das plantas em solo com quantidade conhecida dos herbicidas. A irrigação promoveu movimento vertical do herbicida, porém a diferença entre os manejos de irrigação apenas foi observada na camada superficial do solo (0-5 cm), com menores concentrações na irrigação por banhos. A mistura formulada do herbicida concentrou-se na camada de 5-20 cm de profundidade aos 134 dias após a aplicação.<br>The herbicides used in ClearfieldTM rice technology are persistent and mobile in soil, and thus, management practices can affect its dynamics. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of three different rice irrigation managements on leaching of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazethapyr and imazapic in lowland soil. This study consisted of a field experiment followed by bioassay. The bioassay was conducted in a greenhouse of the Department of Biology of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria in 2009. Soil samples were collected from a field experiment submitted to different rice irrigation managements. These samples were sliced at 5 cm intervals up to 30 cm in depth. The treatments included three irrigation managements: continuous flooding, intermittent flooding and flush (factor A) and soil depth of 5 cm intervals, from 0 to 30 cm (factor B). The bioassay compared the growth of non-tolerant rice plants grown in soil subjected to the treatments described above, with the plants grown in soil with a known amount of herbicides. Irrigation promotes vertical movement of the herbicide, but the difference between irrigation management is only observed in the topsoil (0-5 cm), with flush being the treatment with the lower amounts of herbicide at this depth. The herbicide is concentrated at 5-20 cm depth, 134 days after the product is applied in lowland soil