Densidade mineral óssea em cadelas submetidas à ovarioisterectomia com e sem reposição estrogênica oral Mineral density in bones of ovariohysterectomized bitches, with or without oral estrogen replacement

Estudaram-se os efeitos da ovarioisterectomia na densidade mineral óssea de cadelas e da reposição de estrógenos após a cirurgia. Foram utilizadas 12 cadelas, sem raça definida, entre dois e seis anos de idade e pesos entre 5 e 15kg. Os animais, submetidos à ovarioisterectomia, foram separados em dois grupos de seis. Um grupo serviu como controle, e o outro recebeu estrógenos naturais conjugados na dose de 0,01mg/kg via oral a cada 48 horas, durante 12 meses. No dia da cirurgia e após 12 meses, foram feitas radiografias com vistas à densitometria óptica em imagem radiográfica. A ovarioisterectomia diminuiu a densidade óssea, e a reposição estrogênica, na dose utilizada, foi capaz de preservá-la.<br>Effects on bone density of ovariohysterectomy and post-operative estrogen replacement were studied in bitches. Twelve mixed-breed bitches, ranging from 2 to 6 years of age and weighing between 5 and 15kg were submitted to ovariohysterectomy and separated in two groups of six, after a period of adaptation of 60 days. Bitches from the first group were an un-innoculated control; whereas treated bitches received 0.01mg/kg per os of natural estrogen every 48 hours for 12 months. Radiographs were taken on the day of surgery and 12 months later. Variation in bone density was quantified by optic densitometry in radiographic images. Ovariohysterectomy decreased bone density, whereas estrogen replacement moderated the effect

Remembering the Bad Old Days: Human Rights, Economic Conditions, and Democratic Performance in Transitional Regimes

Using the natural laboratory of 18 post-communist Central and Eastern European countries, this article presents a basic model for democratic transition, specifically testing two alternative explanations for the degree of citizen satisfaction with the performance of their fledgling democracies: 1) virtues of omission, which include bad actions from which the state refrains, namely violations of individual human rights, and 2) virtues of commission, which include positive state actions, in particular actions enhancing economic well-being. The findings clearly indicate that, during the transition period, citizens' sense of the condition of human rights is consistently more important than are perceived economic prospects as predictors of democratic performance