Brillouin optomechanics in nanophotonic structures

FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORThe interaction between light and mesoscopic mechanical degrees of freedom has been investigated under various perspectives, from spectroscopy in condensed matter, optical tweezer particle trapping, and long-haul optical fiber communication system penalties to gravitational-wave detector noise. In the context of integrated photonics, two topics with dissimilar origins-cavity optomechanics and guided wave Brillouin scattering-are rooted in the manipulation and control of the energy exchange between trapped light and mechanical modes. In this tutorial, we explore the impact of optical and mechanical subwavelength confinement on the interaction among these waves, coined as Brillouin optomechanics. At this spatial scale, optical and mechanical fields are fully vectorial and the common intuition that more intense fields lead to stronger interaction may fail. Here, we provide a thorough discussion on how the two major physical effects responsible for the Brillouin interaction-photoelastic and moving-boundary effects-interplay to foster exciting possibilities in this field. In order to stimulate beginners into this growing research field, this tutorial is accompanied by all the discussed simulation material based on a widespread commercial finite-element solver.47129FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIOR08/57857-212/17765-712/17610-313/20180-318/15577-518/15580-6574017/2008-900

Hybrid confinement of optical and mechanical modes in a bullseye optomechanical resonator

Optomechanical cavities have proven to be an exceptional tool to explore fundamental and technological aspects of the interaction between mechanical and optical waves. Such interactions strongly benefit from cavities with large optomechanical coupling, high mechanical and optical quality factors, and mechanical frequencies larger than the optical mode linewidth, the so called resolved sideband limit. Here we demonstrate a novel optomechanical cavity based on a disk with a radial mechanical bandgap. This design confines light and mechanical waves through distinct physical mechanisms which allows for independent control of the mechanical and optical properties. Our device design is not limited by unique material properties and could be easily adapted to allow large optomechanical coupling and high mechanical quality factors with other promising materials. Finally, our demonstration is based on devices fabricated on a commercial silicon photonics facility, demonstrating that our approach can be easily scalable.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figure

Ar/Cl-2 etching of GaAs optomechanical microdisks fabricated with positive electroresist

FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESA method to fabricate GaAs microcavities using only a soft mask with an electrolithographic pattern in an inductively coupled plasma etching is presented. A careful characterization of the fabrication process pinpointing the main routes for a smooth devic1015767FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES2012/17610-32012/17765-72016/18308-02018/15577-52018/15580-62019/01402-100

Ultrahigh-Q optomechanical crystal cavities fabricated in a CMOS foundry

FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESPhotonic crystals use periodic structures to create frequency regions where the optical wave propagation is forbidden, which allows the creation and integration of complex optical functionalities in small footprint devices. Such strategy has also been successfully applied to confine mechanical waves and to explore their interaction with light in the so-called optomechanical cavities. Because of their challenging design, these cavities are traditionally fabricated using dedicated high-resolution electron-beam lithography tools that are inherently slow, limiting this solution to small-scale or research applications. Here we show how to overcome this problem by using a deep-UV photolithography process to fabricate optomechanical crystals in a commercial CMOS foundry. We show that a careful design of the photonic crystals can withstand the limitations of the photolithography process, producing cavities with measured intrinsic optical quality factors as high as Q(i) = (1.21 +/- 0.02) x 10(6). Optomechanical crystals are also created using phononic crystals to tightly confine the GHz sound waves within the optical cavity, resulting in a measured vacuum optomechanical coupling rate of g(0) = 2 pi x (91 +/- 4) kHz. Efficient sideband cooling and amplification are also demonstrated since these cavities are in the resolved sideband regime. Further improvements in the design and fabrication process suggest that commercial foundry-based optomechanical cavities could be used for quantum ground-state cooling.716FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES2012/17610-32012/17765-72013/06360-92014/12875-42016/18308-0550504/2012-5153044/2013-6Sem informaçãoR.B., G.S.W. and T.P.M.A. designed the devices. R.B. performed the measurements with support from F.G.S.S., G.O.L. and supervision by T.P.M.A., R.B., G.S.W. and T.P.M.A. analyzed the measured data. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript

Spectral Engineering with Coupled Microcavities: Active Control of Resonant Mode-Splitting

Optical mode-splitting is an efficient tool to shape and fine-tune the spectral response of resonant nanophotonic devices. The active control of mode-splitting, however, is either small or accompanied by undesired resonance shifts, often much larger than the resonance-splitting. We report a control mechanism that enables reconfigurable and widely tunable mode-splitting while efficiently mitigating undesired resonance shifts. This is achieved by actively controlling the excitation of counter-traveling modes in coupled resonators. The transition from a large splitting (80 GHz) to a single-notch resonance is demonstrated using low power microheaters (35 mW). We show that the spurious resonance-shift in our device is only limited by thermal crosstalk and resonance-shift-free splitting control may be achieved.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Eliminating Anchor Loss In Optomechanical Resonators Using Elastic Wave Interference

Optomechanical resonators suffer from the dissipation of mechanical energy through the necessary anchors enabling the suspension of the structure. Here, we show that such structural loss in an optomechanical oscillator can be almost completely eliminated through the destructive interference of elastic waves using dual-disk structures. We also present both analytical and numerical models that predict the observed interference of elastic waves. Our experimental data reveal unstressed silicon nitride (Si3N4) devices with mechanical Q-factors up to 104 at mechanical frequencies of f=102 MHz (fQ=1012) at room temperature. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.1055DARPA; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; NSF; Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyGavartin, E., Verlot, P., Kippenberg, T.J., (2012) Nat. Nanotechnol., 7, p. 509. , 10.1038/nnano.2012.97Chan, J., Alegre, T.P.M., Safavi-Naeini, A.H., Hill, J.T., Krause, A., Groeblacher, S., Aspelmeyer, M., Painter, O.J., (2011) Nature, 478, p. 89. , 10.1038/nature10461Verhagen, E., Deleglise, S., Weis, S., Schliesser, A., Kippenberg, T.J., (2012) Nature, 482, p. 63. , 10.1038/nature10787Marquardt, F., Harris, J., Girvin, S., (2006) Phys. Rev. Lett., 96, p. 103901. , 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.103901Poot, M., Fong, K.Y., Bagheri, M., Pernice, W., Tang, H.X., (2012) Phys. Rev. A, 86, p. 053826. , 10.1103/PhysRevA.86.053826Zhang, M., Wiederhecker, G., Manipatruni, S., Barnard, A., McEuen, P., Lipson, M., (2012) Phys. Rev. Lett., 109, p. 233906. , 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.233906Tallur, S., Bhave, S.A., (2013) Nano Lett., 13, p. 2760. , 10.1021/nl400980uEkinci, K.L., Roukes, M.L., Nanoelectromechanical systems (2005) Review of Scientific Instruments, 76 (6), pp. 1-12. , DOI 10.1063/1.1927327, 061101Vahala, K.J., (2008) Phys. Rev. A, 78, p. 023832. , 10.1103/PhysRevA.78.023832Photiadis, D.M., Judge, J.A., (2004) Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, p. 482. , 10.1063/1.1773928Lifshitz, R., Phonon-mediated dissipation in micro- and nano-mechanical systems (2002) Physica B: Condensed Matter, 316-317, pp. 397-399. , DOI 10.1016/S0921-4526(02)00524-0, PII S0921452602005240Cole, G.D., Wilson-Rae, I., Werbach, K., Vanner, M.R., Aspelmeyer, M., (2011) Nat. Commun., 2, p. 231. , 10.1038/ncomms1212Lifshitz, R., Roukes, M., (2000) Phys. Rev. B, 61, p. 5600. , 10.1103/PhysRevB.61.5600Arcizet, O., Rivière, R., Schliesser, A., Anetsberger, G., Kippenberg, T.J., (2009) Phys. Rev. A, 80, p. 021803. , 10.1103/PhysRevA.80.021803Anetsberger, G., Rivière, R., Schliesser, A., Arcizet, O., Kippenberg, T.J., (2008) Nat. Photonics, 2, p. 627. , 10.1038/nphoton.2008.199Hsu, F.-C., Hsu, J.-C., Huang, T.-C., Wang, C.-H., Chang, P., (2011) J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 44, p. 375101. , 10.1088/0022-3727/44/37/375101Eichenfield, M., Chan, J., Camacho, R.M., Vahala, K.J., Painter, O.J., (2009) Nature, 462, p. 78. , 10.1038/nature08524Verbridge, S.S., Parpia, J.M., Reichenbach, R.B., Bellan, L.M., Craighead, H.G., High quality factor resonance at room temperature with nanostrings under high tensile stress (2006) Journal of Applied Physics, 99 (12), p. 124304. , DOI 10.1063/1.2204829Wiederhecker, G.S., Chen, L., Gondarenko, A., Lipson, M., (2009) Nature, 462, p. 633. , 10.1038/nature08584Rosenberg, J., Lin, Q., Painter, O.J., (2009) Nat. Photonics, 3, p. 478. , 10.1038/nphoton.2009.137Kippenberg, T.J., Vahala, K.J., (2008) Science, 321, p. 1172. , 10.1126/science.1156032Sun, Y., Tohmyoh, H., (2009) J. Sound Vib., 319, p. 392. , 10.1016/j.jsv.2008.06.017Sun, Y., Saka, M., (2010) J. Sound Vib., 329, p. 328. , 10.1016/j.jsv.2009.09.014Yasumura, K.Y., Stowe, T.D., Chow, E.M., Pfafman, T., Kenny, T.W., Stipe, B.C., Rugar, D., Quality factors in micron- and submicron-thick cantilevers (2000) Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 9 (1), pp. 117-125. , DOI 10.1109/84.82578

Coherent Control of Ultra-High Frequency Acoustic Resonances in Photonic Crystal Fibers

Ultra-high frequency acoustic resonances ($\backsim$2 GHz) trapped within the glass core ($\backsim$1 $\mu$m diameter) of a photonic crystal fiber are selectively excited through electrostriction using laser pulses of duration 100 ps and energy 500 pJ. Using precisely timed sequences of such driving pulses, we achieve coherent control of the acoustic resonances by constructive or destructive interference, demonstrating both enhancement and suppression of the vibrations. A sequence of 27 resonantly-timed pulses provides a 100-fold increase in the amplitude of the vibrational mode. The results are explained and interpreted using a semi-analytical theory, and supported by precise numerical simulations of the complex light-matter interaction.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, 3 avi movies (external link) - accepted in PR

Efficient anchor loss suppression in coupled near-field optomechanical resonators

FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQElastic dissipation through radiation towards the substrate is a major loss channel in micro-and nanomechanical resonators. Engineering the coupling of these resonators with optical cavities further complicates and constrains the design of low-loss optomechanical devices. In this work we rely on the coherent cancellation of mechanical radiation to demonstrate material and surface absorption limited silicon near-field optomechanical resonators oscillating at tens of MHz. The effectiveness of our dissipation suppression scheme is investigated at room and cryogenic temperatures. While at room temperature we can reach a maximum quality factor of 7.61k (fQ-product of the order of 10(11) Hz), at 22 K the quality factor increases to 37k, resulting in a fQ-product of 2 x 10(12) Hz.25253134731361FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ2008/57857-22012/17610-32012/17765-7153044/2013-

Dissipative Optomechanics in High-Frequency Nanomechanical Resonators

The coherent transduction of information between microwave and optical domains is a fundamental building block for future quantum networks. A promising way to bridge these widely different frequencies is using high-frequency nanomechanical resonators interacting with low-loss optical modes. State-of-the-art optomechanical devices rely on purely dispersive interactions that are enhanced by a large photon population in the cavity. Additionally, one could use dissipative optomechanics, where photons can be scattered directly from a waveguide into a resonator hence increasing the degree of control of the acousto-optic interplay. Hitherto, such dissipative optomechanical interaction was only demonstrated at low mechanical frequencies, precluding prominent applications such as the quantum state transfer between photonic and phononic domains. Here, we show the first dissipative optomechanical system operating in the sideband-resolved regime, where the mechanical frequency is larger than the optical linewidth. Exploring this unprecedented regime, we demonstrate the impact of dissipative optomechanical coupling in reshaping both mechanical and optical spectra. Our figures represent a two-order-of-magnitude leap in the mechanical frequency and a tenfold increase in the dissipative optomechanical coupling rate compared to previous works. Further advances could enable the individual addressing of mechanical modes and help mitigate optical nonlinearities and absorption in optomechanical devices.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, supplemental materia