Politicians’ coherence and government debt

We model a society that values coherence between the long-term commitment of politicians to given levels of public good provision and current policy. In that context, we suggest a novel mechanism by which issuing government debt can affect electoral results. Debt is exploited by an incumbent politician who favors a low level of public good supply, taking advantage of the cost paid by her opponent, who is committed to a higher level of supply. More public debt reduces voters’ preferred level of public good consumption and therefore are less likely to elect the opponent, given her commitment to a losing policy

Efficacy of foliage fungicides against eyespot of winter wheat in Northern Italy

Summary. The efficacy of foliage fungicide applications against eyespot of soft wheat cv. Serio was evaluated under natural Oculimacula infection in an experimental area in the Po Valley (Northern Italy). The fungicide treatments prochloraz, prochloraz + propiconazole, and trifloxystrobin + cyproconazole were applied in the years of 2006 through to 2009. Seeds were also treated with a formulated product based on guazatine. All foliage fungicides were applied at the stem extension growth stage (Zadoks growth stage 30\u201232), and at the manufacturer recommended rates. All tested treatments reduced the disease severity compared with untreated control. Prochloraz alone and particularly in combination with propiconazole gave the greatest efficacy in reducing eyespot. All treatments increased grain yield in 2006 and 2008. The effects of treatments on some yield parameters were also examined

Rogue wave formation scenarios for the focusing nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation with parabolic-profile initial data on a compact support

We study the (1+1) focusing nonlinear Schroedinger (NLS) equation for an initial condition with concave parabolic profile on a compact support and phase depending quadratically on the spatial coordinate. In the absence of dispersion, using the natural class of self-similar solutions of the resulting elliptic system, we generalise a result by Talanov, Guervich and Shvartsburg, finding a criterion on the chirp and modulus coefficients at time equal zero to determine whether the dispersionless solution features asymptotic relaxation or a blow-up at fine time, providing an explicit formula for the time of catastrophe. In the presence of dispersion, we numerically show that the same criterion determines, even beyond the semi-classical regime, whether the solution relaxes or develops a higher order rogue wave, whose amplitude can be several multiples of the height of the initial parabola. In the latter case, for small dispersion, the time of catastrophe for the corresponding dispersionless solution predicts almost exactly the onset time of the rogue wave. In our numerical experiments, the sign of the chirp appears to determine the prevailing scenario, among two competing mechanisms leading to the formation of a rogue wave. For negative values, the simulations are suggestive of the dispersive regularisation of a gradient catastrophe described by Bertola and Tovbis for a different class of smooth, bell-shaped initial data. As the chirp becomes positive, the rogue wave seem to result from the interaction of counter-propagating dispersive dam break flows, as described for the box problem by El, Khamis and Tovbis. As the chirp and amplitude of the initial profile are relatively easy to manipulate in optical devices and water tank wave generators, we expect our observation to be relevant for experiments in nonlinear optics and fluid dynamics.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl

Rogue wave formation scenarios for the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation with parabolic-profile initial data on a compact support

We study the (1+1) focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation for an initial condition with compactly supported parabolic profile and phase depending quadratically on the spatial coordinate. In the absence of dispersion, using the natural class of self-similar solutions, we provide a criterion for blowup in finite time, generalizing a result by Talanov et al. In the presence of dispersion, we numerically show that the same criterion determines, even beyond the semiclassical regime, whether the solution relaxes or develops a high-order rogue wave, whose onset time is predicted by the corresponding dispersionless catastrophe time. The sign of the chirp appears to determine the prevailing scenario among two competing mechanisms for rogue wave formation. For negative values, the numerical simulations are suggestive of the dispersive regularization of a gradient catastrophe described by Bertola and Tovbis for a different class of smooth, bell-shaped initial data. As the chirp becomes positive, the rogue wave seems to result from the interaction of counterpropagating dispersive dam break flows, as in the box problem recently studied by El, Khamis, and Tovbis. As the chirp and amplitude of the initial profile are relatively easy to manipulate in optical devices and water tank wave generators, we expect our observation to be relevant for experiments in nonlinear optics and fluid dynamics

THE CHURCH OF SANT'ANDREA IN BERGAMO: AN INTEGRATED SURVEY FOR KNOWLEDGE AND CONSERVATION

Abstract. The church dedicated to Sant'Andrea (St. Andrew) in Porta Dipinta street in Bergamo city is a treasure that keep inside it a rich heritage of great historical and cultural value, both from the architectural and from the artistic point of view. Lacking of the façade (left unfinished), it is often neglected, despite being on the main road leading to the old town from Sant'Agostino Gate. The approach to an historical building like this requires a multi-disciplinary integration, in order to join the technical competence of engineering sciences to the sensitivity of human and fine arts sciences. For a better understanding of the structural performances of the building, historical research, measurement survey, material and decay condition study have to complement each other.</p

Effect of kolsterising treatment on surface properties of a duplex stainless steel

In recent years, attempts of engineering the surface of duplex stainless steels were made in order to enhance their hardness and tribological properties, without affecting their corrosion resistance. A possibility of improving these properties is provided by a family of processes developed by Prof. B.H. Kolster in the Netherlands in the late 1980’s. These processes (usually referred to as Kolsterising® treatments) consist in a low temperature surface carburizing, which involves the diffusion of large quantities of carbon atoms (up to 6-7 wt.%) into the steel at a diffusion temperature below 450 °C. In the present paper a characterization of the surface layer of Kolsterised duplex SAF 2205 stainless steel was carried out to study the effects of this treatment on surface properties. The characterization includes optical metallographic examination, microhardness tests and SEM-EDS investigation on the Kolsterised steel in the as treated condition and after annealing treatments at 200, 250, 300 350 and 400°C for 10 hours, to evaluate the stability of Kolsterised layer’s properties with a moderate increase in temperature. Moreover, complying with ASTM G48-03 Method E Standard, in order to evaluate the effect of the Kolsterising® treatment on steel pitting resistance, the critical pitting temperature was obtained for Kolsterised duplex SAF 2205 stainless steel compared with the base metal

On the crack path of rolling contact fatigue cracks in a railway wheel steel

The objective of the present paper is to give some preliminary results obtained in the frame of a more wide investigation on the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) behavior of a railway wheel steel. The effect of different test parameters on the RCF fatigue strength of the railway wheel steel was evaluated. RCF tests were conducted using two cylindrical contact specimens under different Po/k ratio (where Po is the maximum Hertzian pressure, k is the yield stress in shear of the material), under dry contact conditions or with water lubrication, and at varying slip ratio. In the present study crack initiation location and crack growth direction were carefully investigated; microscopic examination showed that the cracks were initiated at the surface, propagated obliquely in the depth direction and then occasionally branched into two directions. Usually multiple cracks are initiated, at the rolling contact surface, caused by the accumulation of shear deformation due to repeated rolling–sliding contact loading. Subsequent crack growth has been found to occur along specific sloped directions. The influence of Po/k ratio, dry or wet contact, and slip ratio on crack slope angle to the radial direction and the depths at which slope changes occur has been investigated. Observed crack slopes and slope change position have been discussed according to crack path prediction criteria in the literature

Assessment of Design Consistency for Two-Lane Rural Highways with Low Tortuosity Alignment

One technique employed to enhance road safety involves assessing the alignment’s consistency. A prevalent measure of consistency is evaluating speed variations along the alignment. A key consideration in this assessment is determining the speed upon which the road alignment should be based. This research reveals that on two-lane rural highways with low tortuosity alignments, operating speeds on horizontal curves and tangents consistently exceeded not only the design speeds but also the maximum permissible design speed for the road category. Consequently, using the design speed to assess consistency on these roads is deemed impractical, and utilizing operating speed poses challenges due to speeds exceeding the maximum permissible limit. The objectives of this paper are twofold: to explore the relationship between design consistency and safety levels on two-lane rural highways with low tortuosity alignments (which have been insufficiently covered in research) and to propose speed-control measures to limit the maximum operating speed to the maximum permissible speed. The study findings suggest that on roads with a low tortuosity alignment, operating speeds depend much more on the general characteristics of the alignment (evaluated in the operating speed models through the desired speed). Further, assessing speed consistency is feasible only with a rigorous control of the maximum operating speed (desired speed). Additionally, a specific type of speed control is recommended, achieved by limiting the curvature change rate (CCR) of the road section based on the desired speed (environmental speed), whose evaluation becomes a crucial factor

Statistics of extreme events in integrable turbulence

We use the spectral kinetic theory of soliton gas to investigate the likelihood of extreme events in integrable turbulence described by the one-dimensional focusing nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation (fNLSE). This is done by invoking a stochastic interpretation of the inverse scattering transform for fNLSE and analytically evaluating the kurtosis of the emerging random nonlinear wave field in terms of the spectral density of states of the corresponding soliton gas. We then apply the general result to two fundamental scenarios of the generation of integrable turbulence: (i) the asymptotic development of the spontaneous (noise induced) modulational instability of a plane wave, and (ii) the long-time evolution of strongly nonlinear, partially coherent waves. In both cases, involving the bound state soliton gas dynamics, the analytically obtained values of the kurtosis are in perfect agreement with those inferred from direct numerical simulations of the the fNLSE, providing the long-awaited theoretical explanation of the respective rogue wave statistics. Additionally, the evolution of a particular non-bound state gas is considered providing important insights related to the validity of the so-called virial theorem.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure