Historical background for the formation of manuscript book art of the Tatars

The chosen theme is relevant since in the modern world researchers address to the study of national traditional cultures. Comprehension of the book art significance in its historical evolution is one of the conditions for solving not only the preservation of spiritual and material culture monuments but it is also the study of the cultures genesis and finding the way for their further development. The article is aimed at revealing the factors of the formation and development of the book art traditions, determined by objective historical conditions. In this the worldview of the mystical and ascetic teachings of Islam - Sufism, which is characterized by the cult of poverty, played a fundamental role. The research of the problem is based on the classical methods of various sciences: history, cultural studies, art history, which allows creating a holistic picture of the book art development in the culture of the Tatars.peer-reviewe

ОТРАЖЕНИЕ ПАРАДИГМАЛЬНЫХ ПОДХОДОВ В СОЦИОКОММУНИКАТИВНЫХ ПРАКТИКАХ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ МЕЧЕТИ И ИМОМИННГУ ИМ. Н.И. ЛОБАЧЕВСКОГО

The article considers the reflection of socio-communicative practices of the mosque’s activities in the field of education, in its interaction with universities, in particular, with the Institute of International Relations and World History of the Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, where paradigmatic approaches of social communication are successfully implemented. According to the classical paradigmatic approach, communication is understood as information transfer from a source that affects the audience. The paradigm of interaction analyzes communication as the result of interaction of equal actors. Thus, the dialogue is the key problem of the formation of the communicative integrity of mutual understanding.В статье рассматривается отражение социокоммуникативных практик в деятельности мечети в образовательно-просветительской сфере, во взаимодействии с вузами, Институтом международных отношений и мировой истории ННГУ им. Н.И. Лобачевского, где успешно реализуются парадигмальные подходы социальных коммуникаций. Классическая парадигма понимает коммуникацию как процесс передачи информации от источника с воздействием на аудиторию. Интеракционная парадигма анализирует коммуникацию как результат взаимодействия равных субъектов. Диалог становится ключевой проблемой при формировании коммуникативной целостности взаимопонимания

ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ИСЛАМСКИХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ И ГОСУДАРСТВА В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ: ПУТИ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ОБЩЕСТВЕННО- ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ И СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ СТАБИЛЬНОСТИ

The assessment of the nature of social and political significance of Islamic organizations as an object of social communications is relevant to modern Russia. It is determined by a number of factors that are vital for the development of our country, such as the change of the  ethno-religious composition of the population, demographic processes, and the increase in migration from the Muslim countries and regions to the central part of Russia, where non-Muslim population traditionally dominated. The challenge of the time requires new strategic line connected with the development of a coherent program of ethnic and religious policies. Interaction between the authorities and Islamic organizations with taking into account the  spiritual, moral, cultural and intellectual potential of Islam should be directed to strengthening the state and legal system, the consolidation and stability in Russian society.Оценка социально-политической значимости исламских организаций как объекта социальных коммуникаций является актуальной для современной России. Это определяется рядом обстоятельств, жизненно важных для развития нашей страны,— изменением этноконфессионального состава населения, демографическими процессами, увеличением миграции из «мусульманских» регионов и стран в центральную часть России с традиционно преобладающим немусульманским населением. Вызовы времени требуют новой стратегической линии — разработки целостной программы этноконфессиональной политики. Взаимодействие власти и исламских организаций с учетом духовно-нравственного и культурно-интеллектуального потенциала ислама могут оказать существенное влияние на укрепление государственности и правовой системы, консолидации, стабильности российского обществ

IMMUNE-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS of CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS

The article presents the result of the detection of different-level inflammatory factors of immune defense in patients with chronic pyelonephritis (CP) with detection of definite interconnections between these factors and estimation of their significance in the chronification of the process. The absence of adequate effector reaction on the chronic inflammation with considerable (p < 0,05-0,001) depression of the phagocytosis system, decrease of stimulated reaction of blast-transformed lymphocytes, CD4-helpers, CD16-cells, cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8), B-lymphocytes (CD22) with oppression of especially secondary immune response against the background of visible (p < 0,05-0,001) decrease of contents of activated lymphocytes (CD25), apoptosis receptors (CD95), antigene of main complex of histocompatibility of 11 class HLADR+, adhesive molecules ICAM-3 and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, ФНО-α was determined. The character of determined changes in the contents of immune-inflammatory markers that reflect different levels of immune system functioning points at profound disorders of effector reaction with significant oppression of recognition function and destruction by immune system of both endogenous and exogenous antigens and evident inconsistency of cytokines regulatory system in CP patients

Detection of macro-thyrotropinaemia in patients with Hashimotos thyroiditis and subclinical hypothyroidism

The level of thyroid stimulating hormone is one of the diagnostic indicators of thyroid function. In subclinical hypothyroidism, its concentration in the blood serum increases, while the level of thyroid hormones remains normal. One of the reasons for this is the phenomenon of macrotyrotropinemia, in which the macro isoforms of thyrotropin (a complex of thyrotropic hormone with immunoglobulin) are present in the blood. It is assumed that the biological activity of macrotyrotropin is low, and may accumulate in the circulation, causing a falsely elevated level of thyroid-stimulating hormone in serum. The aim of this study is to identify the nature and prevalence of the macrothyrotropinemia phenomenon among patients with subclinical hypothyroidism in presence of autoimmune thyroiditis and a group of healthy donors. Materials and methods: Fifty serum samples of venous blood served as the material for the study: 30 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism in presence of autoimmune thyroiditis; 10, with manifesting hypothyroidism, 10 conditionally healthy donors without thyroid gland pathology (control group). The group was derived from results of the clinical laboratory at the Clinical Hospital at the Kazan station railway. Patients’ blood serum was screened for the presence of macrotrorotropin by polyethylene glycol precipitation method, followed by analysis by gel filtration chromatography. Results of this study were as follows: screening of blood sera was performed by gel filtration and affinity chromatography. Polyethylene glycol was shown to precipitate 50 to 100% serum thyrotropin, of which true macrotrothropin makes 56-98%. In the patients with subclinical hypothyroidism with a thyroid-stimulating hormone level of more than 10 pIU/ml, a trend towards an increase in the level of macrothyrotrophinaemia has been shown. The content of macrotyrotropin complex in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, in whom the level of antibodies to thyroperoxidase is &gt; 500 U/L, is significantly higher if compared to the patients with manifesting hypothyroidism. Elevated levels of antibodies to thyroperoxidase can lead to the generation of macrotyropin. Our findings have shown that the phenomenon of macrothyrotropinemia is quite common in patients with subclinical and manifesting hypothyroidism with Hashimoto thyroiditis (53.3%) and in control group (25%). Macrotyrotropin complex probably consists of thyrotropin and IgG. Patients with a thyroid-stimulating hormone level of &gt; 10 pIU/ml are candidates for screening for the presence of the macrotyrotropin complex.The activity of the autoimmune process may correlate with the phenomenon of macrothyrotropinemia. The results can be used to develop an additional tool when choosing therapy in clinical practice

Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment (PIONEER 5): a placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3a trial

Background: Oral semaglutide is the first oral glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist for glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is commonly associated with renal impairment, restricting treatment options. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment. Methods: This randomised, double-blind, phase 3a trial was undertaken at 88 sites in eight countries. Patients aged 18 years and older, with type 2 diabetes, an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30–59 mL/min per 1·73 m2, and who had been receiving a stable dose of metformin or sulfonylurea, or both, or basal insulin with or without metformin for the past 90 days were eligible. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) by use of an interactive web-response system, with stratification by glucose-lowering medication and renal function, to receive oral semaglutide (dose escalated to 14 mg once daily) or matching placebo for 26 weeks, in addition to background medication. Participants and site staff were masked to assignment. Two efficacy-related estimands were defined: treatment policy (regardless of treatment discontinuation or rescue medication) and trial product (on treatment without rescue medication) in all participants randomly assigned. Endpoints were change from baseline to week 26 in HbA1c (primary endpoint) and bodyweight (confirmatory secondary endpoint), assessed in all participants with sufficient data. Safety was assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of study drug. This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02827708, and the European Clinical Trials Registry, number EudraCT 2015-005326-19, and is now complete. Findings: Between Sept 20, 2016, and Sept 29, 2017, of 721 patients screened, 324 were eligible and randomly assigned to oral semaglutide (n=163) or placebo (n=161). Mean age at baseline was 70 years (SD 8), and 168 (52%) of participants were female. 133 (82%) participants in the oral semaglutide group and 141 (88%) in the placebo group completed 26 weeks on treatment. At 26 weeks, oral semaglutide was superior to placebo in decreasing HbA1c (estimated mean change of −1·0 percentage point (SE 0·1; −11 mmol/mol [SE 0·8]) vs −0·2 percentage points (SE 0·1; −2 mmol/mol [SE 0·8]); estimated treatment difference [ETD]: −0·8 percentage points, 95% CI −1·0 to −0·6;

Clinical features of post-COVID-19 period. Results of the international register “Dynamic analysis of comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 survivors (AKTIV SARS-CoV-2)”. Data from 6-month follow-up

Aim. To study the clinical course specifics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and comorbid conditions in COVID-19 survivors 3, 6, 12 months after recovery in the Eurasian region according to the AKTIV register. Material and methods.The AKTIV register was created at the initiative of the Eurasian Association of Therapists. The AKTIV register is divided into 2 parts: AKTIV 1 and AKTIV 2. The AKTIV 1 register currently includes 6300 patients, while in AKTIV 2 — 2770. Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 receiving in- and outpatient treatment have been anonymously included on the registry. The following 7 countries participated in the register: Russian Federation, Republic of Armenia, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Moldova, Republic of Uzbekistan. This closed multicenter register with two nonoverlapping branches (in- and outpatient branch) provides 6 visits: 3 in-person visits during the acute period and 3 telephone calls after 3, 6, 12 months. Subject recruitment lasted from June 29, 2020 to October 29, 2020. Register will end on October 29, 2022. A total of 9 fragmentary analyzes of the registry data are planned. This fragment of the study presents the results of the post-hospitalization period in COVID-19 survivors after 3 and 6 months. Results. According to the AKTIV register, patients after COVID-19 are characterized by long-term persistent symptoms and frequent seeking for unscheduled medical care, including rehospitalizations. The most common causes of unplanned medical care are uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) and chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or decompensated type 2 diabetes (T2D). During 3- and 6-month follow-up after hospitalization, 5,6% and 6,4% of patients were diagnosed with other diseases, which were more often presented by HTN, T2D, and CAD. The mortality rate of patients in the post-hospitalization period was 1,9% in the first 3 months and 0,2% for 4-6 months. The highest mortality rate was observed in the first 3 months in the group of patients with class II-IV heart failure, as well as in patients with cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In the pattern of death causes in the post-hospitalization period, following cardiovascular causes prevailed (31,8%): acute coronary syndrome, stroke, acute heart failure. Conclusion. According to the AKTIV register, the health status of patients after COVID-19 in a serious challenge for healthcare system, which requires planning adequate health system capacity to provide care to patients with COVID-19 in both acute and post-hospitalization period

Issues of differential diagnosis and management of central diabetes insipidus / differential diagnosis and management of central diabetes insipidus

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a syndrome characterized by the excretion of abnormally large volumes of diluted urine. It can be caused by two fundamentally different defects that must be distinguished for safe and effective management. First: central DI, due to inadequate production/secretion of vasopressin (AVP) and nephrogenic DI, due to renal insensitivity to AVP. Second: primary polydipsia, due to suppression of AVP secretion by excessive fluid intake. This review provides methods of differential diagnosis of DI. The article highlights the availability of functional tests and pituitary MRI in correct diagnosis of central DI. Common treatment algorithms of DI and management of DI in the neurosurgical patients are also discussed. The article provides comparative data of the efficacy and safety of various pharmacological forms of desmopressin in the treatment of central DI

ASSOCIATION OF CTLA-4 AND PTPN-22 GENES POLYMORPHISMS WITH INCREASED RISK OF AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS IN TATAR POPULATION

The aspects of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) remain quite actual, since many issues of etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, classification, diagnostics, therapy and prediction of this disorder are far from final solution. Since disturbances of fine molecular immune mechanisms underlie pathogenesis of either immune disorder, the genes coding its main components, are regarded as potential candidate genes predisposing for AIT, e.g., genes of surface antigen (CTLA-4) and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN-22). We have performed genotyping of 298 Tatar women in Tatar Republic (Russia) with respect to age and biochemical parameters (control group, 137 persons; AIT group, 161 patients). The following gene polymorphisms were tested: +49 А/G, -318 С/Т, -1661 А/G of СТLA-4 gene, and 1858 С/Т polymorphism of PTPN-22 gene. Genotyрing was performed by PCR-RFLP method as described earlier. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test and 95% confidential interval (CI). The frequencies of CTLA-4 -1661 G allele and genotype A/G and +49 G/A G allele and genotype GG carriers were significantly higher in AIT patients than in controls (P = 0.04, OR 1.84, 95% CI 2.31-1.4; P = 0.001, OR 2,0 95% CI 1.62-2.31 respectively), with increased contents of serum antibodies to thyroglobulin (OR, 1.56, 95% CI 2.25-3.6; OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.9-2.75, respectively) and to thyroperoxidase (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.5-4.1 for G/G genotype of +49 A/G polymorphism), independently of age (р &lt; 0,05). We showed that the combinations of A/G, T/C and G/G genotypes of -1661 A/G, -318 T/C and +49 G/A polymorphisms is associated with increased risk of genetic predisposition to ITD in Tatar women (OR 7.87, 95% CI 2.03-3.25). A strong association was also observed between the increased level of antibodies to TPO (&gt; 1000 ME/l) and GG genotype of +49 G/A polymorphism (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.5-4.1) and antibodies to TG (&gt; 100 ME/l) and genotypes A/G and G/G of CTLA-4 -1661 A/G and +49 G/A polymorphisms (OR 1.56, 95% CI 2.25-3.6; OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.9-2.75, respectively), independently of age. The genotypes -318 T/C and 1858 T/C of CTLA-4 and PTPN-22 genes, respectively, are not associated with AITD in Tatar women (p &gt; 0.05). Our results suggest that polymorphisms of CTLA-4 and PTPN-22 genes may modify individual susceptibility to autoimmune thyroiditis in Tatar women