897 research outputs found
Future heat extremes and impacts in a convection permitting climate ensemble over Germany
Heat extremes and associated impacts are considered the most pressing issue for German regional governments with respect to climate adaptation. We explore the potential of an unique high-resolution convection permitting (2.8 km), multi-GCM ensemble with COSMO-CLM regional simulations (1971–2100) over Germany regarding heat extremes and related impacts. We find an improved mean temperature beyond the effect of a better representation of orography on the convection permitting scale, with reduced bias particularly during summer. The projected increase in temperature and its variance favors the development of longer and hotter heat waves, especially in late summer and early autumn. In a 2° (3°) warmer world, a 26 % (100 %) increase in the Heat Wave Magnitude Index is anticipated. Human heat stress (UTCI > 32°C) and local-specific parameters tailored to climate adaptation, revealed a dependency on the major landscapes, resulting in significant higher heat exposure in flat regions as the Rhine Valley, accompanied by the strongest absolute increase. A non-linear, exponential increase is anticipated for parameters characterizing strong heat stress (UTCI > 32°C, tropical nights, very hot days). Providing local-specific and tailored climate information, we demonstrate the potential of convection permitting simulations to facilitate improved impact studies and narrow the gap between climate modelling and stakeholder requirements for climate adaptation.</p
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°
ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π‘Π₯Π) ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ (ΠΡΠΠ‘). ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π₯Π ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. Π‘Π₯Π Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊ (ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ.This paper is devoted to the comparison of the structural and chemical inhomogeneity (SCI) of adapters made of dissimilar steels, made by tungsten insert gas (TIG). By means of optical microscope, photographs of the SCI and its dimensions were obtained. SCI is expressed in the appearance of interlayers (carbide and ferritic) with different chemical composition. Graphs of the growth of the widths of the interlayers from the time of exposure and temperature are given
ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ 10β¦30 Π½ΠΌ
Oxalobacter formigenes: a potential tool for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1
Primary hyperoxaluria is characterized by severe urolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, and early renal failure. As treatment options are scarce, we aimed for a new therapeutic tool using colonic degradation of endogenous oxalate by Oxalobactor formigenes. Oxalobacter was orally administered for 4 weeks as frozen paste (IxOC-2) or as enteric-coated capsules (IxOC-3). Nine patients (five with normal renal function, one after liverβkidney transplantation, and three with renal failure) completed the IxOC-2 study. Seven patients (six with normal renal function and one after liverβkidney transplantation) completed the IxOC-3 study. Urinary oxalate or plasma oxalate in renal failure was determined at baseline, weekly during treatment and for a 2-week follow-up. The patients who showed >20% reduction both at the end of weeks 3 and 4 were considered as responders. Under IxOC-2, three out of five patients with normal renal function showed a 22β48% reduction of urinary oxalate. In addition, two renal failure patients experienced a significant reduction in plasma oxalate and amelioration of clinical symptoms. Under IxOC-3 treatment, four out of six patients with normal renal function responded with a reduction of urinary oxalate ranging from 38.5 to 92%. Although all subjects under IxOC-2 and 4 patients under IxOC-3 showed detectable levels of O. formigenes in stool during treatment, fecal recovery dropped directly at follow up, indicating only transient gastrointestinal-tract colonization. The preliminary data indicate that O. formigenes is safe, leads to a significant reduction of either urinary or plasma oxalate, and is a potential new treatment option for primary hyperoxaluria
Spontaneous Hall effect in chiral p-wave superconductor
In a chiral superconductor with broken time-reversal symmetry a ``spontaneous
Hall effect'' may be observed. We analyze this phenomenon by taking into
account the surface properties of a chiral superconductor. We identify two main
contributions to the spontaneous Hall effect. One contribution originates from
the Bernoulli (or Lorentz) force from spontaneous currents running along the
surfaces of the superconductor. The other contribution has a topological origin
and is related to the intrinsic angular momentum of Cooper pairs. The latter
can be described in terms of a Chern-Simons-like term in the low-energy field
theory of the superconductor and has some similarities with the quantum Hall
effect. The spontaneous Hall effect in a chiral superconductor is, however,
non-universal. Our analysis is based on three approaches to the problem: a
self-consistent solution of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation, a generalized
Ginzburg-Landau theory, and a hydrodynamic formulation. All three methods
consistently lead to the same conclusion that the spontaneous Hall resistance
of a two-dimensional superconducting Hall bar is of order h/(e k_F\lambda)^2,
where k_F is the Fermi wave vector and \lambda is the London penetration depth;
the Hall resistance is substantially suppressed from a quantum unit of
resistance. Experimental issues in measuring this effect are briefly discussed.Comment: 22 pages including 12 figure
Skill and added value of the MiKlip regional decadal prediction system for temperature over Europe
In recent years, several decadal prediction systems have been developed to provide multi-year predictions of the climate for the next 5β10βyears. On the global scale, high decadal predictability has been identified for the North Atlantic sector, often extending over Europe. The first full regional hindcast ensemble, derived from dynamical downscaling, was produced within the German MiKlip project (βdecadal predictionsβ). The ensemble features annual starting dates from 1960 to 2017, with 10 decadal hindcasts per starting year. The global component of the prediction system uses the MPI-ESM-LR and the downscaling is performed with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM). The present study focusses on a range of aspects dealing with the skill and added value of regional decadal temperature predictions over Europe. The results substantiate the added value of the regional hindcasts compared to the forcing global model as well as to un-initialized simulations. The results show that the hindcasts are skilful both for annual and seasonal means, and that the scores are comparable for different observational reference data sets. The predictive skill increases from earlier to more recent start-years. A recalibration of the simulation data generally improves the skill further, which can also be transferred to more user-relevant variables and extreme values like daily maximum temperatures and heating degree-days. These results provide evidence of the potential for the regional climate predictions to provide valuable climate information on the
Abstract
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In recent years, several decadal prediction systems have been developed to provide multi-year predictions of the climate for the next 5β10βyears. On the global scale, high decadal predictability has been identified for the North Atlantic sector, often extending over Europe. The first full regional hindcast ensemble, derived from dynamical downscaling, was produced within the German MiKlip project (βdecadal predictionsβ). The ensemble features annual starting dates from 1960 to 2017, with 10 decadal hindcasts per starting year. The global component of the prediction system uses the MPI-ESM-LR and the downscaling is performed with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM). The present study focusses on a range of aspects dealing with the skill and added value of regional decadal temperature predictions over Europe. The results substantiate the added value of the regional hindcasts compared to the forcing global model as well as to un-initialized simulations. The results show that the hindcasts are skilful both for annual and seasonal means, and that the scores are comparable for different observational reference data sets. The predictive skill increases from earlier to more recent start-years. A recalibration of the simulation data generally improves the skill further, which can also be transferred to more user-relevant variables and extreme values like daily maximum temperatures and heating degree-days. These results provide evidence of the potential for the regional climate predictions to provide valuable climate information on the decadal time-scale to users
Tunneling properties at the interface between superconducting Sr2RuO4 and a Ru micro-inclusion
We have investigated the magnetic field and temperature dependence of the
tunneling spectra of the eutectic system Sr2RuO4-Ru. Electric contacts to
individual Ru lamellae embedded in Sr2RuO4 enable the tunneling spectra at the
interface between ruthenate and a Ru microinclusion to be measured. A zero bias
conductance peak (ZBCP) was observed in the bias voltage dependence of the
differential conductance, suggesting that Andreev bound states are present at
the interface. The ZBCP starts to appear at a temperature well below the
superconducting transition temperature. The onset magnetic field of the ZBCP is
also considerably smaller than the upper critical field when the magnetic field
is parallel to the ab-plane. We propose that the difference between the onset
of the ZBCP and the onset of superconductivity can be understood in terms of
the existence of the single-component state predicted by Sigrist and Monien.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, to appear in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. vol. 74 no.
A polarized neutron-scattering study of the Cooper-pair moment in Sr2RuO4
We report a study of the magnetization density in the mixed state of the
unconventional superconductor S2RuO4. On entering the superconducting state we
find no change in the magnitude or distribution of the induced moment for a
magnetic field of 1 Tesla applied within the RuO2 planes. Our results are
consistent with a spin-triplet Cooper pairing with spins lying in the basal
plane. This is in contrast with similar experiments performed on conventional
and high-Tc superconductors.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review Letter
Very short-lived bromomethanes measured by the CARIBIC observatory over the North Atlantic, Africa and Southeast Asia during 2009β2013
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