117 research outputs found
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Survey of numerical methods for compressible fluids
The finite difference methods of Godunov, Hyman, Lax-Wendroff (two-step), MacCormack, Rusanov, the upwind scheme, the hybrid scheme of Harten and Zwas, the antidiffusion method of Boris and Book, and the artificial compression method of Harten are compared with the random choice known as Glimm's method. The methods are used to integrate the one-dimensional equations of gas dynamics for an inviscid fluid. The results are compared and demonstrate that Glimm's method has several advantages. 16 figs., 4 tables
Pion Interferometry for a Granular Source of Quark-Gluon Plasma Droplets
We examine the two-pion interferometry for a granular source of quark-gluon
plasma droplets. The evolution of the droplets is described by relativistic
hydrodynamics with an equation of state suggested by lattice gauge results.
Pions are assumed to be emitted thermally from the droplets at the freeze-out
configuration characterized by a freeze-out temperature . We find that the
HBT radius decreases if the initial size of the droplets decreases.
On the other hand, depends on the droplet spatial distribution and
is relatively independent of the droplet size. It increases with an increase in
the width of the spatial distribution and the collective-expansion velocity of
the droplets. As a result, the value of can lie close to
for a granular quark-gluon plasma source. The granular model of the emitting
source may provide an explanation to the RHIC HBT puzzle and may lead to a new
insight into the dynamics of the quark-gluon plasma phase transition.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
New Relativistic Effects in the Dynamics of Nonlinear Hydrodynamical Waves
In Newtonian and relativistic hydrodynamics the Riemann problem consists of
calculating the evolution of a fluid which is initially characterized by two
states having different values of uniform rest-mass density, pressure and
velocity. When the fluid is allowed to relax, one of three possible
wave-patterns is produced, corresponding to the propagation in opposite
directions of two nonlinear hydrodynamical waves. New effects emerge in a
special relativistic Riemann problem when velocities tangential to the initial
discontinuity surface are present. We show that a smooth transition from one
wave-pattern to another can be produced by varying the initial tangential
velocities while otherwise maintaining the initial states unmodified. These
special relativistic effects are produced by the coupling through the
relativistic Lorentz factors and do not have a Newtonian counterpart.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
An Euler Solver Based on Locally Adaptive Discrete Velocities
A new discrete-velocity model is presented to solve the three-dimensional
Euler equations. The velocities in the model are of an adaptive nature---both
the origin of the discrete-velocity space and the magnitudes of the
discrete-velocities are dependent on the local flow--- and are used in a finite
volume context. The numerical implementation of the model follows the
near-equilibrium flow method of Nadiga and Pullin [1] and results in a scheme
which is second order in space (in the smooth regions and between first and
second order at discontinuities) and second order in time. (The
three-dimensional code is included.) For one choice of the scaling between the
magnitude of the discrete-velocities and the local internal energy of the flow,
the method reduces to a flux-splitting scheme based on characteristics. As a
preliminary exercise, the result of the Sod shock-tube simulation is compared
to the exact solution.Comment: 17 pages including 2 figures and CMFortran code listing. All in one
postscript file (adv.ps) compressed and uuencoded (adv.uu). Name mail file
`adv.uu'. Edit so that `#!/bin/csh -f' is the first line of adv.uu On a unix
machine say `csh adv.uu'. On a non-unix machine: uudecode adv.uu; uncompress
adv.tar.Z; tar -xvf adv.ta
Three-dimensional CFD simulations with large displacement of the geometries using a connectivity-change moving mesh approach
This paper deals with three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations involving 3D moving geometries with large displacements on unstructured meshes. Such simulations are of great value to industry, but remain very time-consuming. A robust moving mesh algorithm coupling an elasticity-like mesh deformation solution and mesh optimizations was proposed in previous works, which removes the need for global remeshing when performing large displacements. The optimizations, and in particular generalized edge/face swapping, preserve the initial quality of the mesh throughout the simulation. We propose to integrate an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian compressible flow solver into this process to demonstrate its capabilities in a full CFD computation context. This solver relies on a local enforcement of the discrete geometric conservation law to preserve the order of accuracy of the time integration. The displacement of the geometries is either imposed, or driven by fluid–structure interaction (FSI). In the latter case, the six degrees of freedom approach for rigid bodies is considered. Finally, several 3D imposed-motion and FSI examples are given to validate the proposed approach, both in academic and industrial configurations
First order hyperbolic formalism for Numerical Relativity
The causal structure of Einstein's evolution equations is considered. We show
that in general they can be written as a first order system of balance laws for
any choice of slicing or shift. We also show how certain terms in the evolution
equations, that can lead to numerical inaccuracies, can be eliminated by using
the Hamiltonian constraint. Furthermore, we show that the entire system is
hyperbolic when the time coordinate is chosen in an invariant algebraic way,
and for any fixed choice of the shift. This is achieved by using the momentum
constraints in such as way that no additional space or time derivatives of the
equations need to be computed. The slicings that allow hyperbolicity in this
formulation belong to a large class, including harmonic, maximal, and many
others that have been commonly used in numerical relativity. We provide details
of some of the advanced numerical methods that this formulation of the
equations allows, and we also discuss certain advantages that a hyperbolic
formulation provides when treating boundary conditions.Comment: To appear in Phys. Rev.
Numerical Evolution of General Relativistic Voids
In this paper, we study the evolution of a relativistic, superhorizon-sized
void embedded in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe. We numerically solve
the spherically symmetric general relativistic equations in comoving,
synchronous coordinates. Initially, the fluid inside the void is taken to be
homogeneous and nonexpanding. In a radiation- dominated universe, we find that
radiation diffuses into the void at approximately the speed of light as a
strong shock---the void collapses. We also find the surprising result that the
cosmic collapse time (the -crossing time) is much smaller than
previously thought, because it depends not only on the radius of the void, but
also on the ratio of the temperature inside the void to that outside. If the
ratio of the initial void radius to the outside Hubble radius is less than the
ratio of the outside temperature to that inside, then the collapse occurs in
less than the outside Hubble time. Thus, superhorizon-sized relativistic void
may thermalize and homogenize relatively quickly. These new simulations revise
the current picture of superhorizon-sized void evolution after first-order
inflation.Comment: 37 pages plus 12 figures (upon request-- [email protected])
LaTeX, FNAL-PUB-93/005-
Radiative Backreaction on Global Strings
We consider radiative backreaction for global strings using the Kalb-Ramond
formalism. In analogy to the point electron in classical electrodynamics, we
show how local radiative corrections to the equations of motion allow one to
remove the divergence in the self field and calculate a first order
approximation to the radiation backreaction force. The effects of this
backreaction force are studied numerically by resubstituting the equations of
motion to suppress exponentially growing solutions. By direct comparison with
numerical field theory simulations and analytic radiation calculations we
establish that the `local backreaction approximation' provides a satisfactory
quantitative description of radiative damping for a wide variety of string
configurations. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this work to the evolution
of a network of global strings and their possible cosmological consequences.
These methods can also be applied to describe the effects of gravitational
radiation backreaction on local strings, electromagnetic radiation backreaction
on superconducting strings and other forms of string radiative backreaction.Comment: 38 Pages, Plain TEX, to appear Phys. Rev. D. Figures not included.
Hard copy available by email to [email protected]
Characteristic Evolution and Matching
I review the development of numerical evolution codes for general relativity
based upon the characteristic initial value problem. Progress in characteristic
evolution is traced from the early stage of 1D feasibility studies to 2D
axisymmetric codes that accurately simulate the oscillations and gravitational
collapse of relativistic stars and to current 3D codes that provide pieces of a
binary black hole spacetime. Cauchy codes have now been successful at
simulating all aspects of the binary black hole problem inside an artificially
constructed outer boundary. A prime application of characteristic evolution is
to extend such simulations to null infinity where the waveform from the binary
inspiral and merger can be unambiguously computed. This has now been
accomplished by Cauchy-characteristic extraction, where data for the
characteristic evolution is supplied by Cauchy data on an extraction worldtube
inside the artificial outer boundary. The ultimate application of
characteristic evolution is to eliminate the role of this outer boundary by
constructing a global solution via Cauchy-characteristic matching. Progress in
this direction is discussed.Comment: New version to appear in Living Reviews 2012. arXiv admin note:
updated version of arXiv:gr-qc/050809
EGF increases expression and activity of PAs in preimplantation rat embryos and their implantation rate
BACKGROUND: Embryo implantation plays a major role in embryogenesis and the outcome of pregnancy. Plasminogen activators (PAs) have been implicated in mammalian fertilization, early stages of development and embryo implantation. As in-vitro developing embryos resulted in lower implantation rate than those developed in-vivo we assume that a reduced PAs activity may be involved. In the present work we studied the effect of EGF on PAs activity, quantity and embryo implantation. METHODS: Zygotes were flushed from rat oviducts on day one of pregnancy and grown in-vitro in R1ECM supplemented with EGF (10 ng/ml) and were grown up to the blastocyst stage. The control groups were grown in the same medium without EGF. The distribution and quantity of the PAs were examined using fluorescence immunohistochemistry followed by measurement of PAs activity using the chromogenic assay. Implantation rate was studied using the embryo donation model. RESULTS: PAs distribution in the embryos was the same in EGF treated and untreated embryos. Both PAs were localized in the blastocysts' trophectoderm, supporting the assumption that PAs play a role in the implantation process in rats. EGF increased the quantity of uPA at all stages studied but the 8-cell stage as compared with controls. The tissue type PA (tPA) content was unaffected except the 8-cell stage, which was increased. The activity of uPA increased gradually towards the blastocyst stage and more so due to the presence of EGF. The activity of tPA did not vary with the advancing developmental stages although it was also increased by EGF. The presence of EGF during the preimplantation development doubled the rate of implantation of the treated group as compared with controls
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