Система духовно-светского образования в Дагестане: XIX в.

Рассматриваются вопросы системы мусульманского образования Дагестана XIX в. Исследуются этапы обучения в арабо-мусульманских школах и медресе дореволюционного Дагестана. Говорится о системе мусульманского образования в период Кавказской войны, в эпоху имама Шамиля. Раскрывается проблема взаимоотношений между арабо-мусульманскими и светскими учебными заведениями в пореформенный период. Освещаются труды дореволюционных авторов, изучавших систему образования в Дагестане

The Antiquarian Imagination in Multilingual Daghestan (2021)

This article compares three key texts in Daghestani Islamicate literature by Persian Azeri writer Bākīkhānūf (d. 1847), Lezgi polymath al-Alqadārī (d. 1910), and Qumyq (Turkic) biographer al-Durgilī (d. 1935), with a view to understanding how their authors conceptualized their role as chroniclers of times past. I draw in particular on Italian historian Arnaldo Momigliano’s account of antiquarianism in order to develop a concept of Islamic antiquarianism and to propose a new way of understanding Islamic historiographic methods and traditions. By comparing Daghestani authors' varying historical epistemologies, I also shed light on Daghestani multilingualism. I argue that Daghestani cosmopolitanism is linked to the antiquarian imagination of its most notable theorists and chroniclers of times past

Kafkasya Arap Edebiyatında Şeyh Şamil

Gazavât veya Müridizm olarak isimlendirilen Kafkasyaʼnın Rus işgalcilere karşı direnişi Gâzi Muhammed ile başlamıştır. Gazavâtʼın başlamasından itibaren bu harekâta önderlik eden isimler Ruslarla beraber bölgedeki bazı siyâset ve ilmîye ehliyle de savaşmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Bu liderlerden olan Şeyh Şamil de sadece Ruslarla savaşmamış, aynı zamanda bölgede kendisine muhâlif olanlarla hem siyâsî hem edebî hem de ilmî alanlarda mücâdele vermiştir. Kurduğu İmâmet Devletiʼnin resmî dili olarak Arapça tercih edilmiş ve buna bağlı olarak Arapça ilmî ve edebî literatür oluşturulmuştur. Yaklaşık olarak otuz yıllık Şeyh Şamil Devleti döneminde bu Arapça ilmî literatüre katkıda bulunanlar olarak Muhammed Tâhir el-Karahî, Murtaza Ali el-Uradî, Abdurrahmân el-Gâzikumȗhî ve diğer âlimler öne çıkmaktadır. Bahsedilen müellifler fıkıh, târih ve edebî alanlarda eser vermiş âlimlerdir. Şeyh Şamil döneminden sonra Hasan Alkadârî de bu silsileye katılmıştır

Methodology of an Aircraft Accident Response System Assessment

The paper investigates the ability to learn from an aircraft accident as the opportunities for learning diminish with the decline in the accident rate. A safety compromising case is studied as the processes of aircraft accident intervention and recovery can degrade the ability of an aircraft accident investigation process to enhance aviation safety by revealing accident causation. In the case study an assessment of the Slovenian aircraft accident response system was made. For the purpose of evaluating the successfulness of aircraft accident intervention and effectiveness of recovery, a model of aircraft accident response system requirements has been developed. Based on non-conformances identified by the model of requirements, remedial measures are proposed for the enhancement of the aircraft accident response system operation. Criteria for the definition of the transition from accident intervention to recovery are derived from the assessment findings in a manner not to impede the aircraft accident investigation effectiveness and efficiency.</p

The evolution of European Union conflict prevention policy

This thesis focuses on a particular aspect of the international role of the European Union (EU), examining the evolution of EU conflict prevention policy in the post- Cold War period. In recent years the EU has extended its range of external relations policies, and conflict prevention has emerged as a prominent objective on the agenda, particularly as the Union faced political and economic instability on its borders. After introducing conflict prevention and analysing the EU's external relations and the post- Cold War security context, the thesis examines the EU's institutional set-up for conflict prevention. The incremental development and institutional structure of the EU renders the formulation and implementation of conflict prevention by the EU a particular challenge. The thesis then proceeds to an investigation of EU cooperation and conflict prevention policy coordination with the security organisations identified as the EU's key partners: the United Nations (UN), the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). While post-Cold War conflict prevention requires a multilateral approach, the proliferation of European security organisations and the increasing overlap in their objectives makes policy coordination between the EU and other organisations particularly important. It is concluded that the EU faces fundamental internal coordination problems and institutional divisions in its elaboration of conflict prevention policy. Conflict prevention is underdeveloped by the EU and is in danger of being marginalised in favour of shorter-term crisis management. Furthermore, internal coordination problems have a detrimental impact on the organisation's ability to cooperate externally with other security organisations. EU external priorities in conflict prevention focus on cooperation in crisis management with the UN and NATO, and fail to capitalise on the advantages of cooperation with the OSCE. The failure of the EU to fully adopt conflict prevention as an external relations priority and to coordinate its activities with other organisations could have implications for future stability in, and on the borders of, the EU.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Providing insight into assessment practices in medical school at one Saudi Higher Education Institution: an interpretative phenomenological analysis

It is evident across the globe that assessment has become increasingly central to the whole process of higher education (HE) as an important part of the curriculum and the teaching and learning cycle. There is strong evidence in the literature that assessment for learning (AfL) is key for effective student learning and academic progress in HE context, particularly in the medical context. In response to this international movement towards innovative assessment, there are some recent attempts in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) aiming to reshape and improve the assessment system. While AfL has been widely promulgated by a growing number of educational researchers, little research is available that considers medical lecturers and undergraduates’ experiences and perceptions of such AfL innovations, especially in Saudi learning context. The significant evidence about the influence of assessment on students’ learning drives this research to contribute to the Saudi HE reform. This study aims to investigate the practices of assessment and feedback in order to reshape the process of assessment in productive ways to enhance students’ learning and academic achievements. Through a phenomenological research design, specifically interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), this thesis aims to obtain deep understanding of lecturers and undergraduate students’ lived-experiences and perceptions of assessment in a Saudi Applied Medical Sciences School. In looking to generate an insight into their experiences and perceptions, one-to-one semi-structured interviews with 10 lecturers and 5 focus groups with 34 students were conducted in order to explore their experiences of assessment and their perspective of its impact on students’ learning. The lecturers and undergraduate students’ lived-experiences have been contextualized and interpreted using a dual hermeneutics analysis method in which the phenomenon of assessment was co-interpreted by both participants and researcher. The data of this study were qualitatively analysed following IPA steps which enables participants’ cognitive inner worlds to be explored. The findings reveal that there is a lack of clear theoretical underpinning frameworks of assessment practices in Saudi medical context. This is due to the rapid and major changes to move from the traditional to a new assessment culture. In addition, analysis of the responses shows there is a strong relationship between the medical discipline and assessment practices. Based on this relationship, students become more eager to use innovative types of assessment that require them to participate in their own development. Assessment also has a great influence on students’ approaches to learning where students tend to shift between deep approaches to “understanding” and a surface approaches such as “memorizing”, or to a strategic approach involving “a mix of two”, depending on the assessment methods used. As seen throughout the study’s findings, learners shift between different approaches to learning in order to suit the assessment demands of their modules. In order for policy and practice to support the implementation of AfL in the medical context, there is a need to ensure clarity and relevance of AfL to all stakeholders including lecturers and students. In addition, explicit and flexible models of change and reform should be adopted and sufficient support must be offered for a successful implementation

The function of intelligence in crisis management : towards an understanding of the intelligence producer-consumer dichotomy

This study is an analysis of the relationship between intelligence and policy, focusing specifically on the role of intelligence in crisis management. The conventional wisdom on intelligence and crisis management tends to examine each subject in isolation of the other. This study therefore provides an integrated approach to the theory of the intelligence process and the principles of crisis management, identifying those factors that influence the producer - consumer relationship. Past analyses of the intelligence producer - consumer relationship have revolved around the normative theory of the traditionalist and activist disciplines, as set forth in the Kent-Kendall debate. This study transcends that boundary. Building on the traditional concept of the intelligence cycle by examining the application of intelligence in crisis management, the study demonstrates how in practice the cycle is disregarded and circumvented. It provides new insight into the complexities of the traditionalist and activist approaches to intelligence, while demonstrating how intelligence can be used in support of crisis management and decision making. Using terrorism as a crisis phenomenon, the study utilises as case studies the series of terrorist attacks against United States' interests and foreign policy objectives in Lebanon during the first Reagan Administration from 1983 to 1985. It analyses the reasons behind the intelligence failures in preventing the bombing of the two U.S. Embassies and the U.S. Marine Barracks in Beirut. It also reveals the consequences of the kidnapping of the CIA Chief of Station, William Buckley, and the implications of that event for American intelligence capabilities during the Lebanon crisis. The role of intelligence and the tension between the intelligence and the decision making communities, as well as the media, during the hijacking of TWA Flight 847, are also analysed. By examining each case study through a framework that combines the intelligence cycle and crisis management principles, the responses of the Reagan Administration to the above threats and incidents are analysed. The conflicts between key decision making individuals in the Reagan Administration and their influence on the intelligence analysis process is also examined. The study reveals the interactive role and influence of the National Security Council Staff as the producer - consumer interface and the influence of the media and public interest on crisis decision making. It concludes with a presentation of an intelligence and crisis management paradigm, with suggestions for further academic endeavour in this field

An analysis of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) preventive diplomacy in the kingdom of Lesotho: a case study

The focus of this study is the Southern African Development Community (SADC) preventive diplomacy interventions in Lesotho in 1994, 1998 and 2007. The core aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the SADC security mechanism (the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS) in conflict prevention, management and resolution on the basis of the Lesotho experience. Data for this qualitative case study was collected through interviews and document analysis. The twenty four participants for the study were drawn from the SADC OPDS unit, Lesotho political parties, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), Academics from the University of Botswana (UB) and the National University of Lesotho (NUL), retired Botswana Defence officers who participated in the Lesotho missions and office of the post-2007election dispute dialogue facilitator in Lesotho. Documents on the SADC Treaties, Protocols, Communiqués and interventions in other set ups were used to highlight its operational policies, mandate, structures, successes and challenges. Lesotho was chosen as a case study because SADC employed both non-coercive (SADC Troika and Eminent Person mediation, 1994 and 2007 respectively) and coercive measures (the 1998 military intervention). The findings of the study revealed that SADC as a regional body had its own successes and challenges. Different perceptions on the SADC interventions in Lesotho emerged mainly between the participants from the ruling party and the opposition parties. While the former commended SADC for successfully mitigating the calamitous effects of 1994, 1998 and 2007 post-electoral violence, the opposition parties viewed the regional organisations as engaged in illegal interference in the domestic affairs of the country to defend the incumbent governing party. It also emerged from the study that the SADC security mechanism has numerous structural and operational flaws. There were several unanswered questions revolving around the legality and mandate of some of the missions. For instance, no concrete evidence emerged as to whether the 1998 military intervention was authorised by the SADC. The study also revealed that SADC has learnt valuable lessons from the Lesotho missions. Some of the reforms which the SADC has introduced in the OPDS such as the establishment of the SADC Stand by Force, Early Warning structures, the Mediation Unit, and a panel of expert mediators emanated mainly from the Lesotho experiences. The study recommends that SADC needs to harmonise the efforts of its OPDS structures such as the Mediation Unit; the Troika; the Inter-State Defence and Security Committee (ISDSC); the Inter-State Politics and Diplomacy Committee (ISPDC) and the Summit of Heads of States and Governments for rapid, coherent and well coordinated interventions in future regional preventive missions. It is also recommended that SADC should focus on identifying and mitigating underlying causal factors such as underdevelopment; poverty; deprivation of freedoms, marginalisation and other forms of social stratifications and oppression in its preventive diplomacy missions if durable peace is to be achieved in Lesotho and any other future cases