Effects of Supplementing Laying Hens with Purified Amino Acid Prepared from Animal Blood

The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effects of supplementing laying hens with purified amino acids (PAA) derived from the blood of animal slaughter house on their egg production, egg quality, and immune response. The experiment was based on completely randomized design. A total of 144 Isa Brown laying hens (56-weeks old) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 4 pen replications (control, T1: 0.05%, T2: 0.1%, and T3: 0.5% PAA). Each pen housed nine laying hens. The laying hens were reared under a deep litter system. Once a week, a total of 12 eggs of each treatment were collected for egg quality analysis. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and cytokines profiles using ELISA kit assays. Hen day egg production and hen house egg production increased significantly (P<0.05) along with the increase in PAA supplementation. The average egg weight increased significantly (P<0.05) with PAA supplementation. Significant differences (P<0.05) were also found in egg shell strength, shell thickness, and albumen ratio. Blood biochemical variables, such as glucose, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin, and glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT) were within the normal range. However, the glucose was highest in the control group. Whereas, the total cholesterol and total bilirubin were highest in T2 as compared to control group. Plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2) concentrations were not affected by PAA supplementation. Plasma interferon gamma (IFNγ) of PAA supplemented treatment groups was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the control group. However, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2. On the basis of these results, we conclude that PAA supplementation improved the production performance of laying hens without affecting their health

Dietary Supplementation of Purified Amino Acid Derived from Animal Blood on Immune Response and Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken

The existences of protein are important to supply nutritional requirements and to support optimal growth performance in modern broiler chicken. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of purified amino acid (PAA) isolated from animal blood on growth performance and immune response. A total of one hundred of 1-day old broiler chicken were used in the experiment, following a completely randomized design of 4 groups of treatment differed in concentrations of PAA supplementation (T1: control, no PAA addition; T2: 0.05%; T3: 0.1%; and T4: 0.5%) with 4 replicates for each group. Levels of various cytokines, such as IgA, IgG, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and interferon γ, were analyzed using an ELISA kit. Insulin-like growth factor 1, an important growth hormone, was also examined using an ELISA kit. The present result showed feed efficiency and average daily feed intake of broiler chicken increased significantly along with increasing concentrations of PAA (P<0.05). Plasma biochemical parameters and carcass traits were affected by supplementation of PAA. Insulin growth factor-1 levels were significantly increased along with increasing concentrations (until 0.5%) of PAA (P<0.05). Inflammatory marker levels significantly differed between the control and treatment groups. These results indicate that purified amino acid isolated from animal blood affected the immune response and growth performance of broiler chicken. Furthermore, PAA can be used in feed supplementation for broiler chickens without causing health issues. It suggests that the beneficial impacts of PAA on immune responses, as well as blood characteristics, may improve broiler performance

Pre-Adipocyte Determination and Adipocyte Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells Isolated From Intramuscular Tissue of Hanwoo Beef Cattle Treated by Acetate and Propionate

The effects of acetate and propionate in enhancing intramuscular fat (marbling) deposition in beef cattle are poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of acetate and propionate on pre-adipocyte determination and adipocyte differentiation in stromal vascular cells (SVC) isolated from the intramuscular tissue of Hanwoo beef cattle. SVC were isolated and treated with different concentrations of acetate and propionate (0.125 to 1 mM). Pre-adipocyte determination was observed through the Zfp423 (Zinc finger protein 423) and Pref-1 (Pre-adipocyte factor-1) genes expressions, which were important transcription factors used to identify committed pre-adipocytes. Adipocyte differentiation was determined based on the lipid accumulation, triglyceride contents, and their molecular activities related to adipogenic markers. The results suggest that acetate supports pre-adipocyte determination in SVC which is observed to increase the expression of Zfp423 and Pref-1 along with the increasing acetate concentration. Propionate treatment was seen to significantly affect lipid accumulation as well as triglyceride content in SVC, compared to acetate treatment. Furthermore, propionate treatment very significantly increased the expressions of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP-1c, and FABP4. In conclusion, acetate likely enhances pre-adipocyte determination, while propionate effectively promotes adipogenesis in SVC isolated from the intramuscular tissue of Hanwoo beef cattle

Contesting the Dominant Discourse of Child Sexual Abuse: Sexual Subjects, Agency, and Ethics

Responding to previous scholars’ call to explore the complexities of child sexual abuse (CSA), this article presents narratives of CSA and scrutinizes a binary construction underpinning this discourse of CSA, namely, the positioning of children as powerless and adults as powerful. The narratives belong to three Indonesian young people who have had sexual interactions with adults when they were children. The findings demonstrate how this binary positioning has been both drawn upon and resisted in the ways participants understand their sexual experiences. This article contributes to the existing literature by providing analyses of some vignettes of everyday experiences of how children might be constituted as sexual subjects, including their capability to exercise agency, perform resistance, and negotiate ethics. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to how the recognition of children as sexual subjects and their sexual agency might be beneficial for parents, educators, and counselors

Supplementary Material for: “Mild’’ Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy and Therapeutic Hypothermia: A Survey of Clinical Practice and Opinion from 35 Countries

Introduction: We aimed to determine global professional opinion and practice for the use of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for treating infants with mild hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods: A web-based survey (REDCap) was distributed via emails, social networking sites, and professional groups from October 2020 to February 2021 to neonatal clinicians in 35 countries. Results: A total of 484 responses were obtained from 35 countries and categorized into low/middle-income (43%, LMIC) or high-income (57%, HIC) countries. Of the 484 respondents, 53% would provide TH in mild HIE on case-to-case basis and only 25% would never cool. Clinicians from LMIC were more likely to routinely offer TH in mild HIE (25% v HIC 16%, p v HIC 26%, p v HIC 32%, p v HIC 40%, p v HIC 95%, p Conclusions: This is the first survey of global opinion for TH in mild HIE. The overwhelming majority of professionals would consider “cooling” an infant with mild HIE, but LMIC respondents were more likely to routinely cool infants with mild HIE and use adjunctive tools for diagnosis and follow-up. There is wide practice heterogeneity and a sufficiently large RCT designed to examine neurodevelopmental outcomes, is urgently needed and widely supported