Assessment of errors in water quality data using ion balancing methods - A case study from Cauvery River, South India

57-62This paper provides an insight into the reliability checking options through error assessment for analytical water quality data with a case study, which will be useful for the researchers working on the analytical chemistry. The reliability of chemical analysis has to be verified in a scientific manner before the data is used for further interpretation. The distributions of data values were presented using box plots. The four ion balancing methods, namely anion-cation balance, measured total dissolved solids (TDS) Vs calculated TDS, measured electrical conductivity (EC) Vs ion sums and calculated TDS to EC ratio were applied on the surface water quality data of Cauvery River in Erode region, Tamil Nadu, India. It was found that the errors of the analysis were within the acceptable limits except 14 samples in percentage difference calculations

IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF AODV UNDER BLACKHOLE ATTACK IN MANET

The Mobile Ad-hoc Network is an infrastructure-less network in which each mobile node can communicate with other node without any fixed network. In view of this, the networks are vulnerable to various kind of attacks such as black hole attack, gray hole attack etc. The black hole attack is one of the cruel attacks in Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET). The simulation is carried out using MATLAB and analyzes the black hole attack in Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol and compared the performance of packet delivery ratio and delay with existing algorithm Hash_DSR. The result shows that the Hash_AODV is better than the Hash_DSR

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater: A Case Study from KadavanarWatershed, Amaravathi Sub-basin, Cauvery River, South India

1627-1639The aim of this study is to the groundwater chemistry at Kadavanar watershed, Cauvery river, South-India. This paper demonstrated that the interrelationship of rock types and groundwater chemistry using piper trilinear diagram and multi-rectangular diagram (MDRs). Well-developed sampling technique was used for this study. Four km equal grids were designed in plain region. Each intersect points are selected for groundwater sample locations. Groundwater samples 147 m.l. were collected on April 2016 (Pre-monsoon). Groundwater samples were analyzed for major ions (pH, EC, Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, NO3-, CO3-). Analytical results were used, to prepare the Piper Triangles Diagram and multi-rectangular diagram (MRD), Gibb’s, USSL and Wilcox diagrams with respect to geology. As per the piper triangles diagram reveals that 53.06 % samples fall under Sodium chloride (NaCl) alkalies exceed alkaline earth class. Concluded that the Multi-rectangular diagram (MRD) interpretation result is reflected same as reveals piper triangles diagram result. Gibb’s diagram shows that the chemical concentration of the groundwater in mainly depends upon the rock water-interaction. Other irrigational classification diagrams such as USSL (63.95 %) and Wilcox’s (67.35 %) diagrams interpretation reavel that the majority of the groundwater samples fell under suitable for agricultural uses

Evaluation of physiochemical characteristics of fresh and osmotic dehydrated fig (Ficus carica L.)

Fig (Fiscus carica L.) fruits being the rich source of phytochemicals, particularly anti-oxidants serve as a powerhouse of nutrients and has many medicinal properties. Fig promoting healthy bowel function due to the high level of fiber. Rich in vitamins A,C,E, and minerals like calcium useful to improve the health status and to balance the pH of the body. Due to its short-lived nature, it cannot be stored for longer period (2-3 days) because higher postharvest losses. The lag in processing of fig is mainly attributed to the highly perishable nature of the fig as it posses high moisture content. The objective of the work was to improve the shelf life and reduce the perishability of fig. Two varieties, namely Local and Timla (Yercud - 1) variety were selected and osmotically dehydrated with different concentration (30, 40 and 50 °brix) of sugar solution. Timla variety contained  lower  percentage of  seeds (21%) and fibre (2.05 g/100g),  higher pulp thickness (1.0 cm), maximum colour values (L - 70.30, a - 4.65 and b - 12.37), TSS (19°brix) and vitamin C (39.0 mg/100g) than the local variety. Timla variety treated with 50° brix osmotic solution was found better nutrient retention, drying characteristics and organoleptic properties. The resultant products had improved shelf life and increased concentration of nutrients, making it suitable for processing and value addition

RAINFALL FLUCTUATION AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF ERODE TALUK, TAMILNADU, INDIA

Precipitation is the most essential for horticultural reason yet the climatic components, the precipitation is the main list, ever considered by agriculturists. The precipitation information got from meteorological stations situated in Erode Taluk for a long time are gathered from Public Works Department (PWD) Therefore, the present study bargains the precipitation attributes of the Erode Taluk, which incorporates the precipitation vacillation as for spatial circulation utilizing GIS Technique. The precipitation varieties amid summer, winter, southwest storm and upper east rainstorm were dissected. Precipitation investigation was done in detail including the four seasons as arranged by the Meteorological Department. This investigation incorporates the investigations of occasional and spatial precipitation varieties. The study shows that an expanding pattern in precipitation focus is seen amongst January and May at all the stations and power of precipitation then reductions amid June and again increments till October. A pinnacle power of precipitation is seen amid October at all the precipitation stations. The region gets more precipitation amid the north-east rainstorm season and less precipitation amid the post-storm season

COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT OF PROSOPIS JULIFLORA SEEDS AGAINST AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

Objective: To compare the antibacterial activity of prosopisjuliflora seed extract against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for 6 mo in the clinical microbiology laboratory of SMCH. Agar cup diffusion technique is used to isolate the strains of Clostridium perfringens ATCC 3624, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherechiacoli ATCC 25922. The prosopisjulifloraseeds are collected from the saveetha medical college. Results: By performing the research with proper guidance it is observed that all the three bacterias–Staphylococcus aureus, Escherechia coli, Clostridium perfringens showed sensitivity to prosopisjulifloraseed extract. Conclusion: Due to its vast antibacterial activity it can be used along with other antibiotics to increase its efficacy. This is used for the treatment of infectious diseases

Characterization and analysis of Gomphonema sp frustule based on SEM/EDS

1576-1579Diatoms are unicellular algae whose cell wall structure is mainly made up of silicon dioxide (SiO2). Frustules were extracted from fresh diatom taxa (Gomphonema sp.) by treating with concentrated HNO3 and HCl. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that the diatoms have a valve asymmetrical to apical axis and raphe system is well developed and are unequal size. From significance of energy dispersive X - ray spectroscopy (EDS) examination it was proved that the frustules from diatoms are mainly made up of silicon through amorphous silica (SiO2)

Assessment of errors in water quality data using ion balancing methods - A case study from Cauvery River, South India

This paper provides an insight into the reliability checking options through error assessment for analytical water quality data with a case study, which will be useful for the researchers working on the analytical chemistry. The reliability of chemical analysis has to be verified in a scientific manner before the data is used for further interpretation. The distributions of data values were presented using box plots. The four ion balancing methods, namely anion-cation balance, measured total dissolved solids (TDS) Vs calculated TDS, measured electrical conductivity (EC) Vs ion sums and calculated TDS to EC ratio were applied on the surface water quality data of Cauvery River in Erode region, Tamil Nadu, India. It was found that the errors of the analysis were within the acceptable limits except 14 samples in percentage difference calculations

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PROSOPIS JULIFLORA AGAINST AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyse the antibacterial effectiveness of the leaf extract of Prosopis juliflora against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and the objectives include maintaining the culture of Clostridium perfringens ATCC 3624, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli ATCC 25922 and to obtain an extract from the leaves of Prosopis juliflora by water extraction method. Agar cup diffusion testing is carried out to test the effectiveness of the extracted herb against the isolated strains of the above-mentioned bacteria. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted for 6 mo in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory at SMCH. Extract from the leaves of Prosopis juliflora was collected by a water extraction method. Isolation of Clostridium perfringens (from RCMB), Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were done, following which the agar cup diffusion method was performed in which the collected extracts were placed as discs in the agar plate which had been inoculated with the strains of the isolated bacteria. The agar plate was then incubated anaerobically. Agar cup diffusion method is considered as a primary method to determine the antimicrobial effectiveness of the bacteria. Results: The leaf extract of Prosopis juliflora was found to be effective against both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strains. Conclusion: Based on the work, the effectiveness of Prosopis juliflora was determined and the mechanism of susceptibility was identified. With future research works in the field, many such natural herbal extracts can be proven to be effective against many pathogenic microorganisms

2,4-Bis(morpholin-4-yl)-6-phen­oxy-1,3,5-triazine

In the title compound, C17H21N5O3, the dihedral angle between the triazine and the phenyl ring is 80.31 (11)°. One of the morpholine rings is disordered over two orientations with site occupancies of 0.762 (10) and 0.238 (10). Both morpholine rings in the mol­ecule adopt chair conformations