NEERKURI BY SAGE THERAIYAR - A REVIEW ON SIDDHA WAY OF URINE EXAMINATION IN THE LIGHT OF CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL METHODS

The Siddha system is said to have emerged in antiquity, from the highly evolved consciousness of the Siddhars. The clarified intellect and heightened intuition of Sage Theraiyar, resulting from Yogic powers, enabled to expound to the world the signs of a disease in the Urine of a person in his treatise “Theraiyar Neerkuri Vaithyam†a book that details urine examination findings for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The present paper deals with scientific validation of Neerkuri (urine examination), an important diagnostic tool in Siddha system of medicine. The methodology of diagnosis in Siddha system is based on eight fold examination of pulse, tactile perception, tongue, color and complexion, speech, eyes, stools and urine. Of all these parameters, Urine examination has gained paramount importance next to pulse examination. This paper parallels analyses the signs of urine examination between a few quotes from Sage Theraiyar text and modern text. This is an attempt to understand the Siddha system of diagnosing pathological conditions which are a non-invasive, highly cost effective procedure which can be used for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes

Quantum phase space distributions in thermofield dynamics

It is shown that the the quantum phase space distributions corresponding to a density operator $\rho$ can be expressed, in thermofield dynamics, as overlaps between the state $\mid \rho >$ and "thermal" coherent states. The usefulness of this approach is brought out in the context of a master equation describing a nonlinear oscillator for which exact expressions for the quantum phase distributions for an arbitrary initial condition are derived.Comment: 17 pages, revtex, no figures. number of pages were incorrectly stated as 3 instead of 17. No other correction

Assessment of Synaptic Function During Short-Term Facilitation in Motor Nerve Terminals in the Crayfish

An enhanced buildup of [Ca2+]i occurs during short-term facilitation (STF) at the crayfish neuromuscular junction (NMJ). As a model system, this NMJ allows discrete postsynaptic quantal events to be counted and characterized in relation to STF. Providing 10 pulses, at 20 and 40Hz, we monitored postsynaptic quantal events over a discrete region of a nerve terminal with a focal macropatch electrode. Characteristics of quantal events were clustered into groups by peak amplitude and time to the peak amplitude. Since the synapses at this NMJ have varied spacing of active zones, number of active zones and synaptic size, the graded nature of synaptic recruitment is likely one means of titrating synaptic efficacy for the graded depolarization on the non-spiking muscle fiber. Synapses in this preparation would appear to have a quantal signature that can be used for quantifying their activity which is useful in estimating the overall number of active sites. We use mixture modeling to estimate n (number of active sites) and p (probability of vesicle fusion) from the quantal characteristics. In a preparation that was stimulated at 40Hz, synapses were recruited (increase in n) and the number active synapses increased in p. In a different preparation, p increased as the stimulation was changed from 20 to 40Hz, but n did not show a substantial increase; however, during the STF train, p increases slightly. This study provides a novel approach in determining subsets of the single evoked quanta to better estimate n and p which describe synaptic function

Major and minor fisheries harbours of India. 7. The fisheries harbours and fishery along the north Tamilnadu and south Andhra Pradesh coasts

There are four functional fisheries harbours in the north Tamil Nadu-south Andhra Pradesh coast, viz., Chennai (major), Nizampatnam, Cuddalore and Pazhayar (minor). A medium harbour in Pondicherry is under construction. There is a temporary jetty in Krishnapatnam and a fish landing platform in Pulicat

A High Galactic Latitude HI 21cm-line Absorption Survey using the GMRT: I. Observations and Spectra

We have used the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope (GMRT) to measure the Galactic HI 21-cm line absorption towards 102 extragalactic radio continuum sources, located at high (|b| >15deg.) Galactic latitudes. The Declination coverage of the present survey is Decl. ~ -45deg.. With a mean rms optical depth of ~0.003, this is the most sensitive Galactic HI 21-cm line absorption survey to date. To supplement the absorption data, we have extracted the HI 21-cm line emission profiles towards these 102 lines of sight from the Leiden Dwingeloo Survey of Galactic neutral hydrogen. We have carried out a Gaussian fitting analysis to identify the discrete absorption and emission components in these profiles. In this paper, we present the spectra and the components. A subsequent paper will discuss the interpretation of these results.Comment: 46 pages, Accepted for publication in Journal of Astrophysics & Astronom

Phase diagram of the metal-insulator transition in 2D electronic systems

We investigated the interdependence of the effects of disorder and carrier correlations on the metal-insulator transition in two-dimensional electronic systems. We present a quantitative metal-insulator phase diagram. Depending on the carrier density we find two different types of metal-insulator transition - a continuous localization for rs=<8 and a discontinuous transition at higher rs. The critical level of disorder at the transition decreases with decreasing carrier density. At very low carrier densities we find that the system is always insulating. The value of the conductivity at the transition is consistent with recent experimental measurements. The self-consistent method which we have developed includes the effects of both disorder and correlations on the transition, using a density relaxation theory with the Coulomb correlations determined from numerical simulation data.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX + epsf, 5 figures. New comments on conducting phase and on the conductivity. References updated and correcte

The r-modes in accreting neutron stars with magneto-viscous boundary layers

We explore the dynamics of the r-modes in accreting neutron stars in two ways. First, we explore how dissipation in the magneto-viscous boundary layer (MVBL) at the crust-core interface governs the damping of r-mode perturbations in the fluid interior. Two models are considered: one assuming an ordinary-fluid interior, the other taking the core to consist of superfluid neutrons, type II superconducting protons, and normal electrons. We show, within our approximations, that no solution to the magnetohydrodynamic equations exists in the superfluid model when both the neutron and proton vortices are pinned. However, if just one species of vortex is pinned, we can find solutions. When the neutron vortices are pinned and the proton vortices are unpinned there is much more dissipation than in the ordinary-fluid model, unless the pinning is weak. When the proton vortices are pinned and the neutron vortices are unpinned the dissipation is comparable or slightly less than that for the ordinary-fluid model, even when the pinning is strong. We also find in the superfluid model that relatively weak radial magnetic fields ~ 10^9 G (10^8 K / T)^2 greatly affect the MVBL, though the effects of mutual friction tend to counteract the magnetic effects. Second, we evolve our two models in time, accounting for accretion, and explore how the magnetic field strength, the r-mode saturation amplitude, and the accretion rate affect the cyclic evolution of these stars. If the r-modes control the spin cycles of accreting neutron stars we find that magnetic fields can affect the clustering of the spin frequencies of low mass x-ray binaries (LMXBs) and the fraction of these that are currently emitting gravitational waves.Comment: 19 pages, 8 eps figures, RevTeX; corrected minor typos and added a referenc

Noise-induced perturbations of dispersion-managed solitons

We study noise-induced perturbations of dispersion-managed solitons by developing soliton perturbation theory for the dispersion-managed nonlinear Schroedinger (DMNLS) equation, which governs the long-term behavior of optical fiber transmission systems and certain kinds of femtosecond lasers. We show that the eigenmodes and generalized eigenmodes of the linearized DMNLS equation around traveling-wave solutions can be generated from the invariances of the DMNLS equations, we quantify the perturbation-induced parameter changes of the solution in terms of the eigenmodes and the adjoint eigenmodes, and we obtain evolution equations for the solution parameters. We then apply these results to guide importance-sampled Monte-Carlo simulations and reconstruct the probability density functions of the solution parameters under the effect of noise.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure

Dirac equation from the Hamiltonian and the case with a gravitational field

Starting from an interpretation of the classical-quantum correspondence, we derive the Dirac equation by factorizing the algebraic relation satisfied by the classical Hamiltonian, before applying the correspondence. This derivation applies in the same form to a free particle, to one in an electromagnetic field, and to one subjected to geodesic motion in a static metric, and leads to the same, usual form of the Dirac equation--in special coordinates. To use the equation in the static-gravitational case, we need to rewrite it in more general coordinates. This can be done only if the usual, spinor transformation of the wave function is replaced by the 4-vector transformation. We show that the latter also makes the flat-space-time Dirac equation Lorentz-covariant, although the Dirac matrices are not invariant. Because the equation itself is left unchanged in the flat case, the 4-vector transformation does not alter the main physical consequences of that equation in that case. However, the equation derived in the static-gravitational case is not equivalent to the standard (Fock-Weyl) gravitational extension of the Dirac equation.Comment: 27 pages, standard LaTeX. v2: minor style changes, accepted for publication in Found. Phys. Letter