The Classic: Bone Morphogenetic Protein

This Classic Article is a reprint of the original work by Marshall R. Urist and Basil S. Strates, Bone Morphogenetic Protein. An accompanying biographical sketch of Marshall R. Urist, MD is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-009-1067-4; a second Classic Article is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-009-1069-2; and a third Classic Article is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-009-1070-9. The Classic Article is © 1971 by Sage Publications Inc. Journals and is reprinted with permission from Urist MR, Strates BS. Bone morphogenetic protein. J Dent Res. 1971;50:1392–1406

Federated learning enables big data for rare cancer boundary detection.

Although machine learning (ML) has shown promise across disciplines, out-of-sample generalizability is concerning. This is currently addressed by sharing multi-site data, but such centralization is challenging/infeasible to scale due to various limitations. Federated ML (FL) provides an alternative paradigm for accurate and generalizable ML, by only sharing numerical model updates. Here we present the largest FL study to-date, involving data from 71 sites across 6 continents, to generate an automatic tumor boundary detector for the rare disease of glioblastoma, reporting the largest such dataset in the literature (n = 6, 314). We demonstrate a 33% delineation improvement for the surgically targetable tumor, and 23% for the complete tumor extent, over a publicly trained model. We anticipate our study to: 1) enable more healthcare studies informed by large diverse data, ensuring meaningful results for rare diseases and underrepresented populations, 2) facilitate further analyses for glioblastoma by releasing our consensus model, and 3) demonstrate the FL effectiveness at such scale and task-complexity as a paradigm shift for multi-site collaborations, alleviating the need for data-sharing

Federated Learning Enables Big Data for Rare Cancer Boundary Detection

Although machine learning (ML) has shown promise across disciplines, out-of-sample generalizability is concerning. This is currently addressed by sharing multi-site data, but such centralization is challenging/infeasible to scale due to various limitations. Federated ML (FL) provides an alternative paradigm for accurate and generalizable ML, by only sharing numerical model updates. Here we present the largest FL study to-date, involving data from 71 sites across 6 continents, to generate an automatic tumor boundary detector for the rare disease of glioblastoma, reporting the largest such dataset in the literature (n = 6, 314). We demonstrate a 33% delineation improvement for the surgically targetable tumor, and 23% for the complete tumor extent, over a publicly trained model. We anticipate our study to: 1) enable more healthcare studies informed by large diverse data, ensuring meaningful results for rare diseases and underrepresented populations, 2) facilitate further analyses for glioblastoma by releasing our consensus model, and 3) demonstrate the FL effectiveness at such scale and task-complexity as a paradigm shift for multi-site collaborations, alleviating the need for data-sharing

Effect of the chronically unstable ankle on knee joint position sense

Purpose: to determine whether subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI) suffer proprioceptive deficits (joint position sense) in the proximal joint (knee) of the injured ankle. Methods: Fourteen subjects with unilateral CAI and 14 healthy controls participated in this study. We tested knee joint position sense using an isokinetic dynamometer. Knee joint position testing was carried out at 30°, 45° and 70° knee flexion. The difference between perceived angle and actual angle was recorded as the error. Results: Mean value of error was statistically significant in subjects with CAI compared with control subjects (30° p< 0.001, 45° p< 0.023 and 70° p< 0.050). Mean error value at 30° was also statistically greater than mean error value at 70° (p< 0.015). Conclusions: Changes in knee joint position sense in subjects with CAI suggest further emphasis on assessment of the joint proximal to the level of injury and subsequent planning of a rehabilitation program. Further research is required to determine the exact contributions to knee joint proprioception. © 2008 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved

Reproducibility of concentric isokinetic strength of the knee extensors and flexors in individuals with mild and moderate osteoarthritis of the knee

The purpose of this study was to determine the reproducibility of measures for maximum knee extensor and flexor concentric strength on an isokinetic dynamometer in individuals with mild and moderate osteoarthritis of the knee. Twenty eight female patients with 1st (n=14) and 3rd (n=14) grade unilateral knee OA volunteered for the study. Peak muscle torque of the knee extensors and flexors was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at angular velocities of 90, 120 and 150°/s. Test-retest reproducibility of maximal isokinetic torque was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Absolute reproducibility was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis, the standard error of measurement (SEM and SEM%) and the smallest real differences (SRD & SRD%). Inter-session relative reproducibility was found to be high in extensor and flexor muscles of individuals with mild OA, with the ICCs values ranging from 0.89 to 0.92 for the concentric knee extension and from 0.90 to 0.93 for the concentric knee flexion, while in the group of individuals with moderate knee OA the same values varied from 0.79 to 0.91 and from 0.75 to 0.93 for the concentric knee extension and flexion, respectively. The Bland-Altman analyses support the findings of high relative reproducibility for the two groups of patients in almost all measurements, except for the extension at 120 and 90°/s and the flexion at 150°/s conducted by the individuals with moderate OA. SEM and relative SEM values ranged from 6.7 to 9.4 Nm and from 14.4% to 21.5%Nm for the group with mild OA and from 4.4 to 7.7 Nm and from 14.6% to 21.8%Nm for the group with moderate OA, respectively. SRD and SRD% values across all movement speeds for both knee flexors and extensors ranged from 18.6 to 26.1 Nm and from 39.9% to 59.6%Nm for the mild OA group, respectively, while the same values for the moderate OA group ranged from 12.2 to 21.3 Nm and from 40.5% to 56.8%Nm, respectively. These results indicate that measurements of isokinetic performance at velocities of 90, 120 and 150°/s provide acceptable reproducibility for evaluation of knee strength in individuals with mild OA of the knee. On the other hand, with regard to knee muscles isokinetic performance, testing of individuals with moderate OA should be conducted during periods of time when the symptoms of the disease subside. © 2007 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved

Polydispersity and heterogeneity of squid cranial cartilage proteoglycans as assessed by immunochemical methods and electron microscopy

The three populations of squid cranial cartilage proteoglycans, D1D1A, D1D1B and D1D2 appeared to have a high degree of polydispersity. Gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting analysis showed that polydispersity was mainly due to the variable size of chondroitin sulphate E chains. This was further ascertained after rotary shadowing electron microscopy of proteoglycan core proteins and glycosaminoglycan side chains and statistical analysis of the sizes measured for both components. Enzymic treatment of the proteoglycan core proteins produced different peptides from each population, suggesting that the observed heterogeneity of the proteoglycans is due to their core proteins. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against all proteoglycans and enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis of proteoglycan core proteins revealed that the proteoglycans, even heterogeneous, shared many common epitopes. Part of the common proteoglycan epitopes were found to be located in chondroitin sulphate E chains. Heterogeneity of squid proteoglycans was also investigated by studying their interactions with collagen and it was found that only the two populations of high molecular mass, D1D1A and D1D2, were able to interact with only collagen type I, the latter stronger than the former

Demonstrator of the formation flying solar coronagraph ASPIICS/PROBA-3

International audienceFormation Flying opens the possibility to conceive and deploy giant solar coronagraphs in space permanently reproducing the optimum conditions of a total eclipse of the Sun ("artificial" eclipse) thus giving access to the inner corona with unprecedented spatial resolution and contrast (low stray light). The first opportunity to implement such a coronagraph "ASPIICS" will be offered by the European Space Agency (ESA) PROBA-3 technology mission devoted to the in-orbit demonstration of formation flying technologies. Two spacecrafts separated by about 150 m form a giant externally-occulted coronagraph: the optical part hosted by one spacecraft remains entirely protected from direct sunlight by remaining in the shadow of an external occulter hosted by the other spacecraft. We developed and tested a scale-model 'breadboard' (i.e., 30m) of the PROBA-3/ASPIICS Formation Flying coronagraph. The investigations focused on two metrology systems capable of measuring both the absolute pointing of the coronagraph (by sensing the projected shadow and penumbra produced by the external occulting disk) and the alignment of the formation (by re-imaging light sources located on the rear-side of the occulting disk with the optical part of the coronagraph). In this contribution, we will describe the demonstrator and report on our results on the crucial question of the alignment and pointing in space of long instruments (> 100 m) with an accuracy of a few arcsec. This study has been conducted in the framework of an ESA "STARTIGER" Initiative, a novel approach aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of a new and promising technology on a very short time scale (six months)