DEFICITS DE SOUTIENS ET DIFFICULTES D’ADAPTATION PSYCHOSOCIALE CHEZ LES ELEVES-MERES A ABIDJAN

This study has for objective to estimate the effects of the deficits of supports on the difficulties of psychosocial adaptation of pupil-mother. The site of the investigation is Abidjan (Ivory Coast). 195 people were questioned among which 180 pupils-mothers on the basis of a not probability sample, exactly a sample of snowball. The observation and the semi-direct interview were used. The meditative data were handled (treated) statistically under the descriptive and inferential angle and qualitatively with an accent on the phenomenology. The results of the study show that pupils-mothers show difficulties of psychosocial adaptation: change of humor, depression, aggressiveness, anxiety, instability, led panics. These difficulties are strongly bound to the deficits of family and institutional supports (disappointment, rejection and powerlessness, low institutional coverage. These results validate the ecological theories and the social link. For a better personal and social adjustment, pupils-mothers, a strengthening of the supports within the framework of the solidarities turns out to be necessary

Formulation D’Aliments Infantiles a Base De Farines D’Igname Enrichies Au Soja

The aim of this study was to determine factors to be taken into account in the infant flours formulated from yam and soy fermented flours. For this purpose, soybean flour (Glycine max) was fermented for 48 hours and incorporated into yam flour (Dioscorea rotundata-cayenensis, kponan and Dioscorea alata, Bête Bètè) fermented for 24 hours at different levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%). Nutrient qualities of gruel of the formulations thus prepared were evaluated. Protein content increased with the rate of soy incorporated. For D. alata, protein content ranged from 6.56 ± 0.01 g / 100 g (unfermented yam flour) and 7.38 ± 0.27 01 g / 100 g (fermented yam flour) to 21.88 ± 1.09 g / 100 g of 40% soy rate incorporation. For D. cayenensis, protein content ranged from 4.81 ± 0.01 g / 100 g (unfermented yam flour) and 5.25 ± 0.43 g / 100 (fermented yam flour) to 20.92 ± 0,21 g / 100 g of 40% soy rate incorporation. Fermentation of yams and soybeans induces an increase of protein content in yam and soy based flours. Protein content in most formulated complementary foods containing soy flours were comparable to values of commercial flours (FARINOR® and SOJABEBE®). However, formulated flours were poor in calcium, iron and zinc. Calcium content of formulated yam based flours was lower than commercial one; FARINOR® (136.36mg/100kcal) and SOJABEBE® (66.88mg/100kcal). Iron densities ranged from 0,18mg/100kcal (SOJABEBE®) to 3.81mg/100 kcal (FARINOR®). The results obtained show that, swelling power and solubility decreased with the rate of soy incorporated. In addition, phenolic compounds of fortified yam based flours with soy, resulted a lower content. 30 % incorporation of soy in yam flours, owing to increase significantly yam/soy based flours enzymatic hydrolysis?. Sensory tests limited maximum level of soy to 30% and 20%. Sensory profile of yam flour fortified with fermented soybeans (30% and 20%) was determined.Key words: infant flour, yam, soy, nutritio

Screening phytochimique de quelques plantes médicinales ivoiriennes utilisées en pays Krobou (Agboville, Côte-d’Ivoire)

Une étude ethnomédicinale réalisée chez les Krobou, une ethnie du Département d’Agboville (Côte-d’Ivoire), a montré que 27 tradithérapeutes utilisent 18 espèces de la flore ivoirienne, pour combattre différentes pathologies. Diverses parties de la plante (écorces de racine et de tige, feuilles, fruits, graines et tubercules) sont utilisées pour la préparation des recettes médicamenteuses. Ces recettes, monospécifiques en général, nécessitent divers modes de préparation (décoction, expression, infusion, macération, pétrissage, pilage, pulvérisation, ramollissement, torréfaction et trituration). On note divers modes d’administration des médicaments : ablution, application locale, badigeonnage, bain de vapeur, boisson, instillations buccales, nasales, vaginales et purges. Les tests tri phytochimiques réalisés sur 3 extraits (éthérique, méthanolique et aqueux) ont révélé que les différentes drogues renferment des stérols, polyterpènes, polyphénols, flavonoïdes, tanins catéchiques, alcaloïdes et des saponosides, qui leur confèrent les propriétés thérapeutiques diverses.An ethnomedicinal study carried out at Krobou, an ethnic group in the Department of Agboville (Côte-d’Ivoire) showed that 27 traditional doctors use 18 ivorian plants species to cure people to different pathologies. Various parts of the plant (barks of root and stem, sheets, fruits, seeds and tubers) are used to prepare the medicamentous receipts. These receipts which are generally monospecific, require different preparation modes (decoction, expression, infusion, soaking, kneading, pounding, crushing, softening, rousting and trituration). We note several administration modes of those medicines : washing, application on the skin, painting, steam bath, drinking, oral, nasal, vaginal instillations and purges. The tri phytochemical tests of three extracts (etheric, methanolic and aqueous) revealed that the different drugs contain sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponosideswhich give these medicines several healing properties.Keywords: Agboville, chemical Components, Côte-d’Ivoire, Ethnomedicine, Krobou, Phytochemistr

In vitro anticholinestarase and cholinergic effect of the aqueous extract of Trema guineensis on rabbit duodenum

Purpose: In previous studies, the aqueous extract of Trema guineensis (Ulmaceae) was shown to increase rabbit duodenal contractions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of the stimulation of the rabbit duodenum by the aqueous extract of Trema guineensis (Ulmaceae). Methods: The in vitro organ bath method was used in our experiments. The enzyme was extracted from rabbit duodenum. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined by Ellman\'s assay using acethylthiocholine iodide as substrate. The rate of hydrolysis of acetylcholinesterase was monitored at 412 nm using a spectrophotometer. Results: The effective concentration which induces 50% effect of Hypo+ (EC50) was obtained with 8 x 10-2 mg/ml of Hypo+. The tests carried out in the presence of atropine showed a considerable reduction in the amplitudes of intestinal contractions. Hypo+ exerted mixed competitive inhibition on acetylcholinesterase (Vmax = 8.33 μM/min and KM= 6.25 x 10-4 M). These results indicate that the crude extract of Trema guineensis contains anti-AChE and cholinomimetic substances. These two properties can explain the increase of duodenal contraction by Hypo+. Conclusion:These results support the use of Trema guineensis as a laxative due to its stimulating effects on duodenal contractility. Keywords: Trema guineensis, Myostimulation, Acetylcholinesterase, Hypo+, Duodenal contractionTropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8 (1) 2009: pp. 11-1

Influence Of Mitragyna ciliate (Myta) On The Microsomal Activity Of ATPase Na+/K+ Dependent Extract On A Rabbit Heart.

Mitragyna ciliate (MYTA) (Rubiaceae) inhibits plasmodia activity. MYTA induces a cardiotonicity of the digitalic type on rat\'s isolated heart. In this work we studied the effect of MYTA on microsomal Na+/K+ - dependant ATPase (Na+, K+ ATPase) extracted from the heart of a rabbit since digitalics inhibit Na+, K+ ATPase. Our results revealed that the Na+/K+ ATPase has an optimum pH of 7.4 and temperature of 37oC respectively. There is a linear relationship between the organic phosphate formed and the incubation time over 25 mins incubation period. The ATP hydrolysis rate in the presence of MYTA was 0.775 μM/min. LINEWEAVER and BURK plots showed that MYTA did not alter KM (1.31 mM) but decreased VMAX. This study shows that MYTA exerts a non-competitive inhibition on the microsomal Na+/K+ ATPase extracted from rabbit heart with a Ci50 of 48 μg / ml. We conclude that the mechanism of action of MYTA is linked to the inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase like cardiotonics of the digitalic type. Keywords: Mitragyna ciliate; ATPase Na+/K+; inhibitors of ATPase Na+/K+.African Journal of Trad, Comp and Alternative Medicine Vol. 5 (3) 2008: pp.294-30

Etude morphopédogique du bassin versant du mont Blanguand dans le massif du Yaouré en région centre de la Côte d’Ivoire

Le massif montagneux du Yaouré, situé entre le Bandama Blanc et le Bandama rouge (ou marahoué), est une zone de transition entre la forêt dense au Sud et la savane arborée au Nord. Le climat de la région correspond au régime équatorial de transition atténué (climat baouléen).Les rares affleurements observés sur les flancs des collines sont altérés en schistes argileux jaunâtres, riches en pyrite Sur les sommets, se retrouvent des cuirasses latéritiques souvent polygéniques, à fragments de quartz et de roches vertes, de taille centimétrique, indiquant la présence de brèches volcaniques. L’altération de ce matériau rocheux conduit à d’épaisses couches de sols brunifiés, argilisés, très riches en éléments grossiers, notamment au bas et à la mi – pente, avec comme caractéristiques morphologiques majeures:-la charge en éléments grossiers qui évolue inversement à la variation de la pente; -la faible humidité correspondant à une classe de drainage de faible indice;- le drainage, de moins en moins bon au fur et à mesure que l’on descend en profondeur dans le profil de sol;- le sol moins humide quand la pente est forte, et plus humide quand la texture devient plus fine.Mots-clés : cuirasses latéritiques; polygéniques, sols brunifiés, argilisés,mont Blanguand, Yaour

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities: Chemical constituents of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum, Eucalyptus citriodora and Cymbopogon giganteus inhibited lipoxygenase L-1 and cyclooxygenase of PGHS

The following studies report the inhibitory effect produced by chemical constituents of essential oils of three plants used in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, in vitro, on soybean lipoxygenase L-1 and cyclooxygenase function of prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS), the two enzymes involved in the production of mediators of inflammation. The essential oils were extracted from plants of three families: O. gratissimum (Labiatae), C. giganteus (Poaceae), and E. citriodora (Myrtaceae). Their chemical composition was established by GC/MS analyses. Among the three essential oils, one showed evident inhibition of L-1 with IC50 value of 72 µg/mL for Eucalyptus citriodora. Only one essential oil that of O. gratissimum inhibited the two enzymes, cyclooxygenase function of PGHS and lipoxygenase L-1, with an IC50 values, respectively, of 125 µg/mL and 144 µg/mL, whereas that of C. giganteus and E. citriodora, two of them had no effect on cyclooxygenase. KEY WORDS: Essential oils, Soybean lipoxygenase (L-1), Cyclooxygenase function ofprostaglandine H synthase-1, PGHS, O. gratissimum (Labiatae), C. giganteus (Poaceae), E. citriodora (Myrtaceae), Enantia chlorantha, Inhibition  Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2003, 17(2), 191-197

Effets de scenarios de changements climatiques sur la cacaoculture en Cote d’Ivoire

L’influence des scenarios de changements climatiques a été analysée pour les régions Centre et Sud de production cacaoyère en Côte d’Ivoire. A partir des modèles RCP 4.5 et 8.5 de concentration des Gaz à Effets de Serre (GES), les paramètres température et pluviométrie ont été projetés sur les horizons 2021-2050 et 2041-2070 en comparaison à la période de référence 1980-2010. Les résultats ont montré qu’en dehors du nombre élevé de jours chauds qui pourrait provoquer la disparition de la cacaoculture dans les zones marginales de la région Centre, les indices climatiques se situent dans des conditions normales de production du cacaoyer dans les deux régions. Les risques liés aux maladies et ravageurs pourraient être similaires ou potentiellement réduits. En région Sud, les variations climatiques n’auraient aucun impact sur la cacaoculture. Comme stratégies de résilience, les programmes de sélection variétale devront mettre à la disposition des producteurs un matériel végétal tolérant à la sécheresse et aux maladies accompagnée de formations sur les bonnes pratiques agricoles dont l’agroforesterie. Toutefois, l’accès des producteurs à l’information météorologique devra être renforcé.  English title: Climate change effects in cocoa cultivation Abstract The influence of climate change scenarios was analyzed for the Center and South regions of cocoa farming in Côte d’Ivoire. From greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration models RCP 4.5 and 8.5, the parameters of temperature and rainfall were projected over the time in years 2021-2050 and 2041- 2070 compared to year 1980-2010 as reference period. The results showed that apart from the high number of hot days which could cause the disappearance of cocoa farming in marginal areas of the Center region, the climatic indices are normal within cocoa production conditions in both regions. Risks on cocoa pests and disease could be similar or potentially reduced. In the South region, climatic variations would have no impact on cocoa farming. As resilience adaptation strategies, tolerant germplasm to drought and pest and disease should be provided to farmers by cocoa research program with training package on good agricultural practices (GAP) including agroforestry. Therefore, theaccess to meteorological information has to be strengthened for smallholders cocoa farmers. Key words: Climate change scenarios, impact, cocoa farming, Côte d’Ivoire

Retrospective analysis of a cohort of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in Abidjan (2003 to 2017)

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been successful in improving clinical outcomes for HIV-positive patients, but efforts are needed to improve life expectancy and quality of life. This study aimed to analyze a long-term ART cohort and assess patients' life expectancy. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the infectious and tropical diseases department of the University Teaching Hospital of Treichville from 2003 to 2017. Data analysis was done using VBA access and XLSTAT 2018 excel software. Patients on post-exposure chemoprophylaxis and prevention of mother-to-child transmission were excluded. Results: Out of 19,567 patient records, 49.60% were included, 72.43% were in 1st line, and 50.10% were over 50 years old, mostly female 58.49%, 98.4% HIV1. 74.31% had a CD4/mm3 (Nadir) count <350. The patients were essentially on the 2IN+INN regimen (72.31%), TDF + XTC + EFV (20.57%). The average duration under treatment 6.15 [0-13.67] ±3.94 years, the average duration under a line of treatment 4.33 [0-14.04] ±2.96 years. Life expectancy was 10.37 years. It is higher in patients on 2IN+IPr (12.21 years) versus 10.12 years in patients on 2IN+INN. The comparison of duration on a line according to the CD4 counts and the line of treatment did not show a significant difference p>0.05. Conclusions: The study concluded that ART significantly improved the life expectancy of patients, adherence could be improved to further enhance the benefits of ART. The use of new combinations of ART may reduce events related to non-compliance

Entomological Surveillance of Behavioural Resilience and Resistance in Residual Malaria Vector Populations.

The most potent malaria vectors rely heavily upon human blood so they are vulnerable to attack with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) within houses. Mosquito taxa that can avoid feeding or resting indoors, or by obtaining blood from animals, mediate a growing proportion of the dwindling transmission that persists as ITNs and IRS are scaled up. Increasing frequency of behavioural evasion traits within persisting residual vector systems usually reflect the successful suppression of the most potent and vulnerable vector taxa by IRS or ITNs, rather than their failure. Many of the commonly observed changes in mosquito behavioural patterns following intervention scale-up may well be explained by modified taxonomic composition and expression of phenotypically plastic behavioural preferences, rather than altered innate preferences of individuals or populations. Detailed review of the contemporary evidence base does not yet provide any clear-cut example of true behavioural resistance and is, therefore, consistent with the hypothesis presented. Caution should be exercised before over-interpreting most existing reports of increased frequency of behavioural traits which enable mosquitoes to evade fatal contact with insecticides: this may simply be the result of suppressing the most behaviourally vulnerable of the vector taxa that constituted the original transmission system. Mosquito taxa which have always exhibited such evasive traits may be more accurately described as behaviourally resilient, rather than resistant. Ongoing national or regional entomological monitoring surveys of physiological susceptibility to insecticides should be supplemented with biologically and epidemiologically meaningfully estimates of malaria vector population dynamics and the behavioural phenotypes that determine intervention impact, in order to design, select, evaluate and optimize the implementation of vector control measures