Sidewall depletion in nano-patterned LAO/STO heterostructures

We report the fabrication of nanostructures from the quasi-two-dimensional electron gas (q2DEG) formed at the LaAlO$_{3}$/ SrTiO$_{3}$ (LAO/STO) interface. The process uses electron beam lithography in combination with reactive ion etching. This technique allows to pattern high-quality structures down to lateral dimensions as small as $100$nm while maintaining the conducting properties without inducing conductivity in the STO substrate. Temperature dependent transport properties of patterned Hall bars of various widths show only a small size dependence of conductivity at low temperature as well as at room temperature. The deviation can be explained by a narrow lateral depletion region. All steps of the patterning process are fully industry compatible.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Nanoscale tunnel field effect transistor based on a complex oxide lateral heterostructure

We demonstrate a tunnel field effect transistor based on a lateral heterostructure patterned from an $\mathrm{LaAlO_3/SrTiO_3}$ electron gas. Charge is injected by tunneling from the $\mathrm{LaAlO_3}$/$\mathrm{SrTiO_3}$ contacts and the current through a narrow channel of insulating $\mathrm{SrTiO_3}$ is controlled via an electrostatic side gate. Drain-source I/V-curves have been measured at low and elevated temperatures. The transistor shows strong electric-field and temperature-dependent behaviour with a steep sub-threshold slope %of up to as small as $10\:\mathrm{mV/decade}$ and a transconductance as high as $g_m\approx 22 \: \mathrm{\mu A/V}$. A fully consistent transport model for the drain-source tunneling reproduces the measured steep sub-threshold slope.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures, Supplementary material: 4 pages, 2 figure

Case Study: The Surgical Management of Angiokeratoma Resulting from Radiotherapy for Penile Cancer

Angiokeratoma is a rare, benign skin lesion and a recognised complication of radiation therapy. Here we describe a case of extensive angiokeratoma of the groin and external genitalia resulting from external beam radiation to that area in a patient with penile carcinoma. Furthermore, we outline the management of this problem by surgical reconstruction

Development of a single combined microencapsulated formulation of allopurinol and nimesulide and investigation of their release behaviours

The aim of this study was to develop a single combined once-daily sustained release microencapsulated dosage form of Allopurinol and Nimesulide using Ethyl cellulose as release controlling factor and to evaluate drug release parameters as per various release kinetic models. In order to achieve required sustained release profile, microparticles were prepared using coacervation thermal change technique. The formulated microparticles were also characterized by physical and chemical parameters and results were found in acceptable limits. Different dissolution models were applied to drug release data in order to evaluate release mechanisms and kinetics. The drug release data fit well to the Higuchi expression. Drug release mechanism was found as a complex anomalous one

Paraganglioma of the Spermatic Cord: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Paragangliomas rarely involve the genitourinary tract. We present a case of a paraganglioma arising from the spermatic cord and review the literature on the topic

The Challenges of Wastewater Irrigation in Developing Countries

The volume of wastewater generated by domestic, industrial, and commercial sources has increased with population, urbanization, improved living conditions, and economic development. The productive use of wastewater has also increased, as millions of small-scale farmers in urban and peri-urban areas of developing countries depend on wastewater or wastewater-polluted water sources to irrigate high-value edible crops for urban markets, often as they have no alternative sources of irrigation water. Undesirable constituents in wastewater can harm human health and the environment. Hence, wastewater irrigation is an issue of concern to public agencies responsible for maintaining public health and environmental quality. For diverse reasons, many developing countries are still unable to implement comprehensive wastewater treatment programs. Therefore in the near term, risk management and interim solutions are needed to prevent adverse impacts from wastewater irrigation. A combination of source control and farm-level and post-harvest measures can be used to protect farm workers and consumers. The WHO guidelines revised in 2006 for wastewater use suggest measures beyond the traditional recommendations of producing only industrial or nonedible crops, as in many situations it is impossible to enforce a change in the current cash crop pattern, or provide alternative vegetable supply to urban markets. There are several opportunities for improving wastewater management via improved policies, institutional dialogues, and financial mechanisms, which would reduce the risks in agriculture. Effluent standards combined with incentives or enforcement can motivate improvements in water management by household and industrial sectors discharging wastewater from point sources. Segregation of chemical pollutants from urban waste-water facilitates treatment and reduces risk. Strengthening institutional capacity and establishing links between water delivery and sanitation sectors through interinstitutional coordination leads to more efficient management of wastewater and risk reduction

The Challenges of Wastewater Irrigation in Developing Countries

The volume of wastewater generated by domestic, industrial, and commercial sources has increased with population, urbanization, improved living conditions, and economic development. The productive use of wastewater has also increased, as millions of small-scale farmers in urban and peri-urban areas of developing countries depend on wastewater or wastewater-polluted water sources to irrigate high-value edible crops for urban markets, often as they have no alternative sources of irrigation water. Undesirable constituents in wastewater can harm human health and the environment. Hence, wastewater irrigation is an issue of concern to public agencies responsible for maintaining public health and environmental quality. For diverse reasons, many developing countries are still unable to implement comprehensive wastewater treatment programs. Therefore in the near term, risk management and interim solutions are needed to prevent adverse impacts from wastewater irrigation. A combination of source control and farm-level and post-harvest measures can be used to protect farm workers and consumers. The WHO guidelines revised in 2006 for wastewater use suggest measures beyond the traditional recommendations of producing only industrial or nonedible crops, as in many situations it is impossible to enforce a change in the current cash crop pattern, or provide alternative vegetable supply to urban markets. There are several opportunities for improving wastewater management via improved policies, institutional dialogues, and financial mechanisms, which would reduce the risks in agriculture. Effluent standards combined with incentives or enforcement can motivate improvements in water management by household and industrial sectors discharging wastewater from point sources. Segregation of chemical pollutants from urban waste-water facilitates treatment and reduces risk. Strengthening institutional capacity and establishing links between water delivery and sanitation sectors through interinstitutional coordination leads to more efficient management of wastewater and risk reduction

The Challenges of Wastewater Irrigation in Developing Countries

The volume of wastewater generated by domestic, industrial, and commercial sources has increased with population, urbanization, improved living conditions, and economic development. The productive use of wastewater has also increased, as millions of small-scale farmers in urban and peri-urban areas of developing countries depend on wastewater or wastewater-polluted water sources to irrigate high-value edible crops for urban markets, often as they have no alternative sources of irrigation water. Undesirable constituents in wastewater can harm human health and the environment. Hence, wastewater irrigation is an issue of concern to public agencies responsible for maintaining public health and environmental quality. For diverse reasons, many developing countries are still unable to implement comprehensive wastewater treatment programs. Therefore in the near term, risk management and interim solutions are needed to prevent adverse impacts from wastewater irrigation. A combination of source control and farm-level and post-harvest measures can be used to protect farm workers and consumers. The WHO guidelines revised in 2006 for wastewater use suggest measures beyond the traditional recommendations of producing only industrial or nonedible crops, as in many situations it is impossible to enforce a change in the current cash crop pattern, or provide alternative vegetable supply to urban markets. There are several opportunities for improving wastewater management via improved policies, institutional dialogues, and financial mechanisms, which would reduce the risks in agriculture. Effluent standards combined with incentives or enforcement can motivate improvements in water management by household and industrial sectors discharging wastewater from point sources. Segregation of chemical pollutants from urban waste-water facilitates treatment and reduces risk. Strengthening institutional capacity and establishing links between water delivery and sanitation sectors through interinstitutional coordination leads to more efficient management of wastewater and risk reduction

Adapting an evidence-based intervention for autism spectrum disorder for scaling up in resource-constrained settings: the development of the PASS intervention in South Asia.

Evidence-based interventions for autism spectrum disorders evaluated in high-income countries typically require highly specialised manpower, which is a scarce resource in most low- and middle-income settings. This resource limitation results in most children not having access to evidence-based interventions. This paper reports on the systematic adaptation of an evidence-based intervention, the Preschool Autism Communication Therapy (PACT) evaluated in a large trial in the United Kingdom for delivery in a low-resource setting through the process of task-shifting. The adaptation process used the Medical Research Council framework for the development and adaptation of complex interventions, focusing on qualitative methods and case series and was conducted simultaneously in India and Pakistan. The original intervention delivered by speech and language therapists in a high-resource setting required adaptation in some aspects of its content and delivery to enhance contextual acceptability and to enable the intervention to be delivered by non-specialists. The resulting intervention, the Parent-mediated intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder in South Asia (PASS), shares the core theoretical foundations of the original PACT but is adapted in several respects to enhance its acceptability, feasibility, and scalability in low-resource settings