Ekstraksi Dan Karakterisasi Pektin Kulit Jeruk Manis Kisar (Citrus sp.)

Extraction and characterization of pectin from the oranges peel of kisar (Citrus sp.) have been done. Pectin was obtained from extraction oranges peel crust of kisar with HCl at temperature 90 °C during 4 hours. The content of albido and pectin are 69.17% and 82.82%, respectively. Identification functional group of pectin was using by FTIR spectrophotometer which OH-alcohol (3294.42–3373.50 cm-1), CH3-alifatic (2939.52 cm-1), C=O ester (1741.72–1730.15 cm-1), C=C alkene (1614.42–1643.35 cm-1), and C-O eter (1232.51–1276.88 cm-1).  Characterizations of pectin were equivalent weight (2011.6 mg), methoxyl content (1.17%), galacturonic level (41.64%), moisture content (28.46%), ash content (11.92%), and degree of esterification (15.95%)

Primary right atrium angiosarcoma mimicking pericarditis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Primary cardiac neoplasms occur rarely and most of them are benign. Malignant tumors including angiosarcoma are extremely rare and have a non specific clinical presentation and a poor prognosis.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We present a case of a young male who was transferred to our hospital because of shock and multiple organ failure after a complicated pericardial biopsy. During the previous seven months he presented with recurrent episodes of pericardial effusions and tamponade. Chest computed tomography revealed a mass in the right atrium, infiltrating the myocardium and pericardium. During emergency surgery that followed, the patient died because of uncontrolled hemorrhage. Autopsy revealed the mass of the right atrium, which was identified on histological examination as primary cardiac angiosarcoma.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This case highlights the difficulties both in early diagnosis and in the management of patients with cardiac angiosarcoma.</p

Changes of the cosmic-ray mass composition in the 10^{14} - 10^{16} eV energy range

Changes of the cosmic-ray mass composition at the `knee' of the cosmic-ray flux spectrum near 10^{15} eV energy are investigated using data from ten Cosmic Ray Tracking (CRT) detectors and the HEGRA air-shower array on La Palma, Canary Islands. The analysis is based on the angular distribution of muons in air showers. Results can be easily expressed in terms of of primary cosmic rays. We find a rise of below 10^{15} eV, consistent with direct measurements. Simple cosmic-ray composition models are presented which are fully consistent with our results as well as the JACEE flux and composition measurements and the flux measurements of the Tibet AS-gamma collaboration.Comment: 22 pages, 11 Postscript figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physic

PELATIHAN CODING MENGGUNAKAN SCRATCH KEPADA SISWA-SISWI SD NEGERI 100 MALUKU TENGAH

The purpose of this activity is to explore the effectiveness of coding training using Scratch for students of Elementary School (SD) Negeri 100 Central Maluku. The training method is carried out through a series of sessions designed to introduce basic programming concepts and the use of Scratch as a visual programming tool. This research involved students of SD Negeri 100 Central Maluku as the subject of this activity. Data was collected through pre and post training tests, as well as participatory observation during training sessions. The results showed that coding training using Scratch was effective in increasing students' understanding of programming concepts and their ability to create interactive projects using Scratch. In addition, this training also improves students' critical thinking skills, creativity, and cooperation. These findings provide strong support for the introduction of coding using Scratch at the elementary education level and emphasize the importance of integrating programming into the school curriculu

Unravelling enzymatic discoloration in potato through a combined approach of candidate genes, QTL, and expression analysis

Enzymatic discoloration (ED) of potato tubers was investigated in an attempt to unravel the underlying genetic factors. Both enzyme and substrate concentration have been reported to influence the degree of discoloration and as such this trait can be regarded as polygenic. The diploid mapping population C × E, consisting of 249 individuals, was assayed for the degree of ED and levels of chlorogenic acid and tyrosine. Using this data, Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis was performed. Three QTLs for ED have been found on parental chromosomes C3, C8, E1, and E8. For chlorogenic acid a QTL has been identified on C2 and for tyrosine levels, a QTL has been detected on C8. None of the QTLs overlap, indicating the absence of genetic correlations between these components underlying ED, in contrast to earlier reports in literature. An obvious candidate gene for the QTL for ED on Chromosome 8 is polyphenol oxidase (PPO), which was previously mapped on chromosome 8. With gene-specific primers for PPO gene POT32 a CAPS marker was developed. Three different alleles (POT32-1, -2, and -3) could be discriminated. The segregating POT32 alleles were used to map the POT32 CAPS marker and QTL analysis was redone, showing that POT32 coincides with the QTL peak. A clear correlation between allele combinations and degree of discoloration was observed. In addition, analysis of POT32 gene expression in a subset of genotypes indicated a correlation between the level of gene expression and allele composition. On average, genotypes having two copies of allele 1 had both the highest degree of discoloration as well as the highest level of POT32 gene expression

Tear fluid biomarkers in ocular and systemic disease: potential use for predictive, preventive and personalised medicine

In the field of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine, researchers are keen to identify novel and reliable ways to predict and diagnose disease, as well as to monitor patient response to therapeutic agents. In the last decade alone, the sensitivity of profiling technologies has undergone huge improvements in detection sensitivity, thus allowing quantification of minute samples, for example body fluids that were previously difficult to assay. As a consequence, there has been a huge increase in tear fluid investigation, predominantly in the field of ocular surface disease. As tears are a more accessible and less complex body fluid (than serum or plasma) and sampling is much less invasive, research is starting to focus on how disease processes affect the proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic composition of the tear film. By determining compositional changes to tear profiles, crucial pathways in disease progression may be identified, allowing for more predictive and personalised therapy of the individual. This article will provide an overview of the various putative tear fluid biomarkers that have been identified to date, ranging from ocular surface disease and retinopathies to cancer and multiple sclerosis. Putative tear fluid biomarkers of ocular disorders, as well as the more recent field of systemic disease biomarkers, will be shown

Protective effect of leptin against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat small intestine

BACKGROUND: The small intestine is extremely sensitive to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and a range of microcirculatory disturbances which contribute to tissue damage. Previous studies have shown that leptin plays an important physiological role in the microvasculature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of leptin in I/R – induced mucosal injury in the small intestine. METHODS: Forty rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 8). Group I was subjected to a sham operation. Following mesenteric ischemia in group II (control); physiologic saline 1 cm(3), in group III; leptin 100 μg/kg, and physiologic saline 1 cm(3), in group IV; N(G)-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) 20 mg/kg, and physiologic saline 1 cm(3), in group V; leptin 100 μg/kg, L-NAME 20 mg/kg, and physiologic saline 1 cm(3 )were given intra-peritoneally. In these groups, an I/R procedure was performed by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 45 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. After reperfusion, the small intestines were resected for malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) concentration and histopathologic properties. Mucosal lesions were scored between 0 and 5. Tissue MDA and NO concentration and histopathologic grades were compared statistically. RESULTS: Tissue MDA level significantly increased (P < 0.05), tissue NO level significantly decreased in group V animals, compared to group III animals respectively (P < 0.001). Histopathologically, intestinal injury significantly decreased in the leptin treated ischemic group. CONCLUSION: Leptin can be used safely in mesenteric occlusive diseases, since it induces NO formation and release in mesenteric vessels

Multiphase phenomena in Diesel fuel injection systems

Fuel Injection Equipment (FIE) are an integral component of modern Internal Combustion Engines (ICE), since they play a crucial role in the fuel atomization process and in the formation of a fuel/air combustible mixture, consequently affecting efficiency and pollutant formation. Advancements and improvements of FIE systems are determined by the complexity of the physical mechanisms taking place; the spatial scales are in the order of millimetres, flow may become locally highly supersonic, leading to very small temporal scales of microseconds or less. The operation of these devices is highly unsteady, involving moving geometries such as needle valves. Additionally, extreme pressure changes imply that many assumptions of traditional fluid mechanics, such as incompressibility, are no longer valid. Furthermore, the description of the fuel properties becomes an issue, since fuel databases are scarce or limited to pure components, whereas actual fuels are commonly hydrocarbon mixtures. Last but not least, complicated phenomena such as phase change or transition from subcritical to transcritical/supercritical state of matter further pose complications in the understanding of the operation of these devices

Tumor growth suppression induced by biomimetic silk fibroin hydrogels

Protein-based hydrogels with distinct conformations which enable encapsulation or differentiation of cells are of great interest in 3D cancer research models. Conformational changes may cause macroscopic shifts in the hydrogels, allowing for its use as biosensors and drug carriers. In depth knowledge on how 3D conformational changes in proteins may affect cell fate and tumor formation is required. Thus, this study reports an enzymatically crosslinked silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel system that can undergo intrinsic conformation changes from random coil to β-sheet conformation. In random coil status, the SF hydrogels are transparent, elastic, and present ionic strength and pH stimuli-responses. The random coil hydrogels become β-sheet conformation after 10 days in vitro incubation and 14 days in vivo subcutaneous implantation in rat. When encapsulated with ATDC-5 cells, the random coil SF hydrogel promotes cell survival up to 7 days, whereas the subsequent β-sheet transition induces cell apoptosis in vitro. HeLa cells are further incorporated in SF hydrogels and the constructs are investigated in vitro and in an in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane model for tumor formation. In vivo, Angiogenesis and tumor formation are suppressed in SF hydrogels. Therefore, these hydrogels provide new insights for cancer research and uses of biomaterials.The authors would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) project grants OsteoCart (PTDC/CTM-BPC/115977/2009) and Tissue2Tissue (PTDC/CTM/105703/2008) which supported this study. Research leading to these results has also received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no REGPOT-CT2012-316331-POLARIS. Le-Ping Yan was awarded a PhD scholarship from FCT (SFRH/BD/64717/2009). We also would like to thank FCT for the distinction attributed to J.M. Oliveira under the Investigador FCT program (IF/00423/2012). The authors also like to acknowledge Dr. Mariana B. Oliveira for technical assistance on the dynamic mechanical analysis of the cell-laden hydrogels