A Volcano-Plutonic Association in Northeastern New South Wales

In the Emmaville-Tenterfield region of northeastern New South Wales, Late Permian comagmatic volcanic and high-level intrusive rocks are spatially associated with large cauldron structures. Major economic concentrations of cassiterite, molybdenite and wolframite are associated with specific leucogranitoid plutons which were intruded to subvolcanic levels in regions between discrete cauldrons. Chemical, mineralogical and field data, used to relate the associated calc-alkaline volcanic and intrusi ve rocks and the various types of mineralization, have led to the recognition of a volcano-plutonic association displaying features common to volcanoplutonic associations developed in evolved geosynclinal environments in many other parts of the world. Igneous activity in the Emmaville-Tenterfield region commenced with the accumulation of large volumes of leucoadamellite and adamellite magma generated by minimum and non-minimum progressi ve partial melting of lower crustal rocks of presumed adamellitic composition. Intrusion of these magmas to high levels within Early Permian silicified siltstones and sandstones induced doming and fracturing of the brittle sedimentary rocks above specific magma chambers, leading to the upward venting of magmas along arcuate fractures and eventual eruption in the form of pyroclastic volcanism. The Emmaville Volcanics so formed, consist of a large number of individual ash flows, minor lava flows and rare ash-fall units which comprise a thick sequence of dominantly rhyolitic volcanics ranging in composition from dacite to high-silica rhyolite. Rare andesites and associated mafic rhyodacites are also present and constitute a geochemically distinct group apparently unrelated to the bulk of the Emmaville Volcanics. The evacuation of large volumes of magma from the high-level chambers caused subsidence of the overlying sedimentary and fresh volcanic rocks, forming simple cauldrons of the Glencoe type

The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computed tomography screening for lung cancer : systematic reviews

Screening for lung cancer has been the subject of debate for the past three decades. This has largely stemmed from the results of chest X-ray screening studies where improvements in survival were obtained but without reductions in disease-specific, or total, mortality. The debate raises two issues: the design of studies to evaluate screening for lung cancer, in particular the choice of comparator; and the potential role of overdiagnosis of well-differentiated, slow-growing tumours that would not have led to symptoms or death in the lifetime of the affected patient. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in the UK, killing approximately 34,000 people per year. By the time symptoms develop, the tumour is often at an advanced stage and the prognosis is bleak. Treatment at a less advanced stage of disease with surgical resection has been shown to substantially reduce mortality. Screening would be attractive if it could detect presymptomatic lung cancer at a stage when surgical intervention is feasible

Mann and gender in Old English prose : a pilot study

It has long been known that OE mann was used in gender-neutral as well as gender-specific contexts. Because of the enormous volume of its attestations in Old English prose, the more precise usage patterns of mann remain, however, largely uncharted, and existing lexicographical tools provide only a basic picture. This article aims to present a preliminary study of the various uses of mann as attested in Old English prose, particularly in its surprisingly consistent use by an individual author, namely that of the ninth-century Old English Martyrology. Patterns emerging from this text are then tested against other prose material. Particular attention is paid to gender-specific usage, examples of which are shown to be exceptional for a word which largely occurs in gender-neutral contexts.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Current Treatment and Outcomes Benchmark for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer From a Large UK-Based Single Centre

Objectives: To characterize treatment patterns and survival outcomes for patients with locally advanced or metastatic malignancy of the urothelial tract during a period immediately preceding the widespread use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the UK. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively examined the electronic case notes of patients attending the Leeds Cancer Center, UK with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma, receiving chemotherapy between January 2003 and March 2017. Patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and outcomes were collected. Summary and descriptive statistics were calculated for categorical and continuous variables as appropriate. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate median survival and Cox regression proportional hazards model was used to explore relationships between clinical variables and outcome. Results: Two hundred and sixteen patients made up the study cohort, with a median age of 66 years (range: 35–83) and 72.7% being male. First-line treatment consisted of either a cisplatin- (44%) or carboplatin-based regimen (48%) in the majority of patients. Twenty seven percent of patients received a second-line of treatment (most commonly single-agent paclitaxel) following a first-line platinum containing regimen. Grade 4 neutropenia was observed in 19 and 27% of those treated with a first-line cisplatin- and carboplatin-based regimen, respectively. The median overall survival (mOS) of the study cohort was estimated to be 16.2 months (IQR: 10.6–28.3 months). Receipt by patients of cisplatin-based chemotherapy was associated with a longer mOS and this association persisted when survival analysis was adjusted for age, sex, performance status and presence of distant metastases. Conclusions: This study provides a useful benchmark for outcomes achieved in a real-world setting for patients with locally advanced or metastatic UC treated with chemotherapy in the immediate pre-immunotherapy era

Invited review : Selective use of antimicrobials in dairy cattle at drying-off

Administering intramammary antimicrobials to all mammary quarters of dairy cows at drying-off [i.e., blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT)] has been a mainstay of mastitis prevention and control. However, as udder health has considerably improved over recent decades with reductions in intramammary infection prevalence at drying-off and the introduction of teat sealants, BDCT may no longer be necessary on all dairy farms, thereby supporting antimicrobial stewardship efforts. This narrative review summarizes available literature regarding current dry cow therapy practices and associ-ated impacts of selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) on udder health, milk production, economics, antimicro-bial use, and antimicrobial resistance. Various methods to identify infections at drying-off that could benefit from antimicrobial treatment are described for select-ing cows or mammary quarters for treatment, includ-ing utilizing somatic cell count thresholds, pathogen identification, previous clinical mastitis history, or a combination of criteria. Selection methods may be enacted at the herd, cow, or quarter levels. Producers' and veterinarians' motivations for antimicrobial use are discussed. Based on review findings, SDCT can be ad-opted without negative consequences for udder health and milk production, and concurrent teat sealant use is recommended, especially in udder quarters receiving no intramammary antimicrobials. Furthermore, herd selection should be considered for SDCT implementa-tion in addition to cow or quarter selection, as BDCT may still be temporarily necessary in some herds for optimal mastitis control. Costs and benefits of SDCT vary among herds, whereas impacts on antimicrobial resistance remain unclear. In summary, SDCT is a vi-able management option for maintaining udder health and milk production while improving antimicrobial stewardship in the dairy industry.Peer reviewe