Influence of viscoelasticity and interfacial slip on acoustic wave sensors

Acoustic wave devices with shear horizontal displacements, such as quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) and shear horizontally polarised surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) devices provide sensitive probes of changes at solid-solid and solid- liquid interfaces. Increasingly the surfaces of acoustic wave devices are being chemically or physically modified to alter surface adhesion or coated with one or more layers to amplify their response to any change of mass or material properties. In this work, we describe a model that provides a unified view of the modification in the shear motion in acoustic wave systems by multiple finite thickness loadings of viscoelastic fluids. This model encompasses QCM and other classes of acoustic wave devices based on a shear motion of the substrate surface and is also valid whether the coating film has a liquid or solid character. As a specific example, the transition of a coating from liquid to solid is modelled using a single relaxation time Maxwell model. The correspondence between parameters from this physical model and parameters from alternative acoustic impedance models is given explicitly. The characteristic changes in QCM frequency and attenuation as a function of thickness are illustrated for a single layer device as the coating is varied from liquid-like to that of an amorphous solid. Results for a double layer structure are given explicitly and the extension of the physical model to multiple layers is described

Vertex-Coloring with Star-Defects

Defective coloring is a variant of traditional vertex-coloring, according to which adjacent vertices are allowed to have the same color, as long as the monochromatic components induced by the corresponding edges have a certain structure. Due to its important applications, as for example in the bipartisation of graphs, this type of coloring has been extensively studied, mainly with respect to the size, degree, and acyclicity of the monochromatic components. In this paper we focus on defective colorings in which the monochromatic components are acyclic and have small diameter, namely, they form stars. For outerplanar graphs, we give a linear-time algorithm to decide if such a defective coloring exists with two colors and, in the positive case, to construct one. Also, we prove that an outerpath (i.e., an outerplanar graph whose weak-dual is a path) always admits such a two-coloring. Finally, we present NP-completeness results for non-planar and planar graphs of bounded degree for the cases of two and three colors

Constructing Invariant Subspaces as Kernels of Commuting Matrices

Given an n by n matrix A over the complex numbers and an invariant subspace L, this paper gives a straightforward formula to construct an n by n matrix N that commutes with A and has L equal to the kernel of N. For Q a matrix putting A into Jordan canonical form J = RAQ with R the inverse of Q, we get N = RM$ where the kernel of M is an invariant subspace for J with M commuting with J. In the formula M = P ZVW with V the inverse of a constructed matrix T and W the transpose of P, the matrices Z and T are m by m and P is an n by m row selection matrix. If L is a marked subspace, m = n and Z is an n by n block diagonal matrix, and if L is not a marked subspace, then m > n and Z is an m by m near-diagonal block matrix. Strikingly, each block of Z is a monomial of a finite-dimensional backward shift. Each possible form of Z is easily arranged in a lattice structure isomorphic to and thereby displaying the complete invariant subspace lattice L(A) for A.Comment: 12 pages with two illustrations of invariant subspace lattice diagram

Constructing invariant subspaces as kernels of commuting matrices

Given an n n matrix A over C and an invariant subspace N, a straightforward formula constructs an n n matrix N that commutes with A and has N = kerN. For Q a matrix putting A into Jordan canonical form, J = Q1AQ, we get N = Q1M where M= ker(M) is an invariant subspace for J with M commuting with J. In the formula J = PZT1Pt, the matrices Z and T are m m and P is an n m row selection matrix. If N is a marked subspace, m = n and Z is an n n block diagonal matrix, and if N is not a marked subspace, then m > n and Z is an m m near-diagonal block matrix. Strikingly, each block of Z is a monomial of a nite-dimensional backward shift. Each possible form of Z is easily arranged in a lattice structure isomorphic to and thereby displaying the complete invariant subspace lattice L(A) for A

Hsp90 governs dispersion and drug resistance of fungal biofilms

Fungal biofilms are a major cause of human mortality and are recalcitrant to most treatments due to intrinsic drug resistance. These complex communities of multiple cell types form on indwelling medical devices and their eradication often requires surgical removal of infected devices. Here we implicate the molecular chaperone Hsp90 as a key regulator of biofilm dispersion and drug resistance. We previously established that in the leading human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, Hsp90 enables the emergence and maintenance of drug resistance in planktonic conditions by stabilizing the protein phosphatase calcineurin and MAPK Mkc1. Hsp90 also regulates temperature-dependent C. albicans morphogenesis through repression of cAMP-PKA signalling. Here we demonstrate that genetic depletion of Hsp90 reduced C. albicans biofilm growth and maturation in vitro and impaired dispersal of biofilm cells. Further, compromising Hsp90 function in vitro abrogated resistance of C. albicans biofilms to the most widely deployed class of antifungal drugs, the azoles. Depletion of Hsp90 led to reduction of calcineurin and Mkc1 in planktonic but not biofilm conditions, suggesting that Hsp90 regulates drug resistance through different mechanisms in these distinct cellular states. Reduction of Hsp90 levels led to a marked decrease in matrix glucan levels, providing a compelling mechanism through which Hsp90 might regulate biofilm azole resistance. Impairment of Hsp90 function genetically or pharmacologically transformed fluconazole from ineffectual to highly effective in eradicating biofilms in a rat venous catheter infection model. Finally, inhibition of Hsp90 reduced resistance of biofilms of the most lethal mould, Aspergillus fumigatus, to the newest class of antifungals to reach the clinic, the echinocandins. Thus, we establish a novel mechanism regulating biofilm drug resistance and dispersion and that targeting Hsp90 provides a much-needed strategy for improving clinical outcome in the treatment of biofilm infections

The Physical Conditions and Dynamics of the Interstellar Medium in the Nucleus of M83: Observations of CO and CI

This paper presents CI, CO J=4-3, and CO J=3-2 maps of the barred spiral galaxy M83 taken at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. Observations indicate a double peaked structure which is consistent with gas inflow along the bar collecting at the inner Lindblad resonance. This structure suggests that nuclear starbursts can occur even in galaxies where this inflow/collection occurs, in contrast to previous studies of barred spiral galaxies. However, the observations also suggest that the double peaked emission may be the result of a rotating molecular ring oriented nearly perpendicular to the main disk of the galaxy. The CO J=4-3 data indicate the presence of warm gas in the nucleus that is not apparent in the lower-J CO observations, which suggests that CO J=1-0 emission may not be a reliable tracer of molecular gas in starburst galaxies. The twelve CI/CO J=4-3 line ratios in the inner 24'' x 24'' are uniform at the 2 sigma level, which indicates that the CO J=4-3 emission is originating in the same hot photon-dominated regions as the CI emission. The CO J=4-3/J=3-2 line ratios vary significantly within the nucleus with the higher line ratios occurring away from peaks of emission along an arc of active star forming regions. These high line ratios (>1) likely indicate optically thin gas created by the high temperatures caused by star forming regions in the nucleus of this starburst galaxy.Comment: 15 pages with 10 figures. To appear in the August 10 1998 issue of The Astrophysical Journa

1966-1967 Issues in Legal Education

Six issues in legal education, much discussed recently, were posed by the Editors of this Review to leading legal educators. These questions were and are frankly difficult and controversial, but their answers are important to our system of legal education and to our society. Capsule answers given by these distinguished legal educators are believed to be interesting and significant. Each is a personal rather than a representative opinion. Brief answers such as these, of course, are not expected to be, nor do they pretend to be, complete or profound. Their purpose is to indicate succinctly the approach of outstanding American opinion makers to difficult policy problems of legal educatio

1966-1967 Issues in Legal Education

Six issues in legal education, much discussed recently, were posed by the Editors of this Review to leading legal educators. These questions were and are frankly difficult and controversial, but their answers are important to our system of legal education and to our society. Capsule answers given by these distinguished legal educators are believed to be interesting and significant. Each is a personal rather than a representative opinion. Brief answers such as these, of course, are not expected to be, nor do they pretend to be, complete or profound. Their purpose is to indicate succinctly the approach of outstanding American opinion makers to difficult policy problems of legal educatio

MODELLING THE ELECTRON WITH COSSERAT ELASTICITY

Interactions between a finite number of bodies and the surrounding fluid, in a channel for instance, are investigated theoretically. In the planar model here the bodies or modelled grains are thin solid bodies free to move in a nearly parallel formation within a quasi-inviscid fluid. The investigation involves numerical and analytical studies and comparisons. The three main features that appear are a linear instability about a state of uniform motion, a clashing of the bodies (or of a body with a side wall) within a finite scaled time when nonlinear interaction takes effect, and a continuum-limit description of the body–fluid interaction holding for the case of many bodies

Hsp21potentiates antifungal drug tolerance in Candida albicans

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