Emisi Karbon Dioksida (CO2) Rizosfer Dan Non Rizosfer Dari Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis) Pada Lahan Gambut Dangkal

. CO2 emission consists of autotrophic and heterotrophic respirations. An autotrophic emission is not considered as negative, and in contrast, a heterotrophic oxidation of peat soils has detrimental impact on the global warming. The aim of this study is to investigate rates of emissions between autotrophic and heterotrophic respirations, generated by oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation on shallow peat. The research site was located in Rasau Jaya Umum, Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The ages of palms are 6 to 7 years. A total of twelve closed chambers were placed in both rhizospheres, representing autotrophic and heterotrophic oxidation, and non-rhizospheres, repsenting heterotrophic oxidation only. CO2 emissions were measured once a month, with an infrared gas analyzer (EGM-4), from January to May 2015. The results show rhizospheric emissions are significantly higher than non-rhizospheric emissions, i.e., 0.93 and 0.44 g m-2 hr-1, respectively. Values of CO2 emissions increase as water table level is low, indicating a positive correlation between water table level and CO2 emission from peats

HUBUNGAN KERJASAMA INDONESIA DENGAN NEGARA-NEGARA PASIFIK SELATAN

2016Yumna Sani Anshari,E 13112112, dengan skripsi berjudul ???Hubungan Kerjasama \ud Indonesia dan Negara-negara Pasifik Selatan???, dibawah bimbingan Patrice Lumumba\ud selaku Pembimbing I dan Husein Abdullah selaku Pembimbing II, Departemen Ilmu\ud Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Hasanuddin. \ud Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui latar belakang mengapa Indonesia dan\ud negara-negara Pasifik Selatan mengadakan hubungan kerjasama ekonomi & politik serta bentuk\ud implementasi dari hubungan kerjasama Indonesia dan negaa-negara Pasifik Selatan. Indonesia\ud dan kawasan Pasifik Selatan yang berdekatan secara geografis dan memiliki kesamaan sumber\ud daya alam di bidang perikanan dan kelatan menjadikan kedua aktor tersebut saling bekerja sama\ud dengan kebutuhan negara masing-masing. Kerjasama ini bergerak di bidang ekonomi dan politik, \ud Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif-analitik yang kemudian\ud didukung oleh data-data kuantitatif. Dalam metode ini dijelaskan secara sistematis mengenai\ud data-data ataupun variabel-variabel yang berkaitan dengan latar belakang hubungan kerjasama\ud Indonesia dengan negara-negara Pasifik Selatan dan perwujudan hubungan kerjasama Indonesia\ud dengan negara-negara Pasifik Selatan. Pengumpulan data yang digunakan oleh penulis adalah\ud telaah pustaka (library research) yaitu dengan mengumpulkan literatur yang berkaitan dengan\ud substansi permasalahan yang akan dibahas berupa buku, dokumen, jurnal, artikel, atau surat\ud kabar serta melakukan wawancara. Adapun Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisa\ud yang bersifat analisis deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu data yang diperoleh dari berbagai literatur\ud kemudian dihubungkan antara data-data yang ada kemudian permasalahan yang ada dijelaskan\ud dan dianalisa berdasarkan data-data yang ada dan disusun dalam suatu tulisan serta ditarik suatu\ud kesimpulan akhir dari data-data yang ada. \ud Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa latar belakang hubungan kerjasama Indonesia\ud dan negara-negara Pasifik Selatan didasari oleh kebutuhan dan kepentingan masing-masing tiap\ud negara. Indonesia banyak memberi bantuan berupa kerjasama teknis seperti capacity building di\ud bidang ekonomi dan good governance di bidang politik kepada negara-negara Pasifik Selatan\ud (Fiji, Vanuatu, Papua Nugini), sebab negara-negara di Pasifik Selatan minim akan kemajuan\ud pembangunan negaranya yang disebakan oleh kapasitas sumber daya manusia yang kurang,\ud demografi yang jumlahnya sedikit, serta akses yang sulit dijangkau. Adapun tujuan utama selain\ud membantu pembangunan negara demi menjaga kestabilan kawasan, manfaat yang Indonesia\ud dapatkan adalah meredam dukungan-dukungan ketiga negara tersebut dalam upaya kemerdekaan\ud Papua Barat dari Indonesia. Kesamaan etnis Melanesia yang membuat negara-negara di Pasifik\ud Selatan yang dimana atas nama solidaritas mendukung penuh separatism Papua Barat. Isu ini\ud juga sudah menjadi isu internasional yang mengkhawatirkan Indonesia terhadap ancaman\ud kedaulatan keutuhan NKRI (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia)

Subsidence and carbon loss in drained tropical peatlands

Biogeosciences931053-107

A cost-efficient method to assess carbon stocks in tropical peat soil

Estimation of belowground carbon stocks in tropical wetland forests requires funding for laboratory analyses and suitable facilities, which are often lacking in developing nations where most tropical wetlands are found. It is therefore beneficial to develop simple analytical tools to assist belowground carbon estimation where financial and technical limitations are common. Here we use published and original data to describe soil carbon density (kgC m<sup>−3</sup>; C<sub>d</sub>) as a function of bulk density (gC cm<sup>−3</sup>; <i>B</i><sub>d</sub>), which can be used to rapidly estimate belowground carbon storage using <i>B</i><sub>d</sub> measurements only. Predicted carbon densities and stocks are compared with those obtained from direct carbon analysis for ten peat swamp forest stands in three national parks of Indonesia. Analysis of soil carbon density and bulk density from the literature indicated a strong linear relationship (C<sub>d</sub> = <i>B</i><sub>d</sub> × 495.14 + 5.41, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.93, <i>n</i> = 151) for soils with organic C content > 40%. As organic C content decreases, the relationship between C<sub>d</sub> and <i>B</i><sub>d</sub> becomes less predictable as soil texture becomes an important determinant of C<sub>d</sub>. The equation predicted belowground C stocks to within 0.92% to 9.57% of observed values. Average bulk density of collected peat samples was 0.127 g cm<sup>−3</sup>, which is in the upper range of previous reports for Southeast Asian peatlands. When original data were included, the revised equation C<sub>d</sub> = <i>B</i><sub>d</sub> × 468.76 + 5.82, with <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.95 and <i>n</i> = 712, was slightly below the lower 95% confidence interval of the original equation, and tended to decrease C<sub>d</sub> estimates. We recommend this last equation for a rapid estimation of soil C stocks for well-developed peat soils where C content > 40%

A cost-efficient method to assess carbon stocks in tropical peat soil

Estimation of belowground carbon stocks in tropical wetland forests requires funding for laboratory analyses and suitable facilities, which are often lacking in developing nations where most tropical wetlands are found. It is therefore beneficial to develop simple analytical tools to assist belowground carbon estimation where financial and technical limitations are common. Here we use published and original data to describe soil carbon density (kgC m⁻³; C[subscript d]) as a function of bulk density (gC cm⁻³; B[subscript d]), which can be used to rapidly estimate belowground carbon storage using B[subscript d] measurements only. Predicted carbon densities and stocks are compared with those obtained from direct carbon analysis for ten peat swamp forest stands in three national parks of Indonesia. Analysis of soil carbon density and bulk density from the literature indicated a strong linear relationship (C[subscript d] = B[subscript d] × 495.14 + 5.41, R² = 0.93, n = 151) for soils with organic C content > 40%. As organic C content decreases, the relationship between C[subscript d] and B[subscript d] becomes less predictable as soil texture becomes an important determinant of C[subscript d]. The equation predicted belowground C stocks to within 0.92% to 9.57% of observed values. Average bulk density of collected peat samples was 0.127 g cm⁻³, which is in the upper range of previous reports for Southeast Asian peatlands. When original data were included, the revised equation C[subscript d] = B[subscript d] × 468.76 + 5.82, with R² = 0.95 and n = 712, was slightly below the lower 95% confidence interval of the original equation, and tended to decrease C[subscript d] estimates. We recommend this last equation for a rapid estimation of soil C stocks for well-developed peat soils where C content > 40%

Denial of long-term issues with agriculture on tropical peatlands will have devastating consequences

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