2,060 research outputs found
Spin crossover: the quantum phase transition induced by high pressure
The relationship is established between the Berry phase and spin crossover in
condensed matter physics induced by high pressure. It is shown that the
geometric phase has topological origin and can be considered as the order
parameter for such transition.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Use of computers to exclude the influence of radiometer instability upon measurement results
A radiometer, practically insensitive to great fluctuations in the equipment amplification coefficient, was developed by dividing the useful signal by a reference signal and modulating the two signals at different frequencies. The signals are simultaneously separated by corresponding synchronous detectors and recorded over two channels. The operation is simplified by replacing the continuous signals by a sampling of discrete values, and using a digital computer. The four steps involved in the process are described and a block diagram is included. This technique not only directly connects the radiometer with the computer, but also records all data provided by the control and signal channels
Separable Multipartite Mixed States - Operational Asymptotically Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
We introduce an operational procedure to determine, with arbitrary
probability and accuracy, optimal entanglement witness for every multipartite
entangled state. This method provides an operational criterion for separability
which is asymptotically necessary and sufficient. Our results are also
generalized to detect all different types of multipartite entanglement.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letters. Revised
version with new calculation
Later Han Empire (947-979) - the Last Empire of Shatuo in China
The history of the Later Han Empire (947-950) - the last Empire created by Shatuo, as well as the history of its continuation - the Northern Han Empire (951-979), which existed on the lands of the Shatuo in Shanxi is considered. It is reported that the Empire of Later Han recognized the dependence of the Khitan Liao Empire; the Northern Han Empire existed in the region of Taiyuan exclusively with the support of the Khitan, who protected it from the Later Zhou and Song, sequentially successive empires on the Central plain of China. The article shows that the Shatuo were a small part of the population of the Empire, being primarily the ruling elite of the Han state, and did not have significant support of the Chinese (Han) population. The study traces the political and military history of the Han Empire. The influence of the Khitan foreign and domestic policy on the military and political situation in the Later Han Empire is shown. The study revealed that for seven decades of power over the Shanxi region, the Shatuo failed to create an effective system of management of the region, resulting in a massive outflow of population, economic and demographic crisis; all this eventually led to the collapse of the last Empire of the Shatuo in China
A Robust Semidefinite Programming Approach to the Separability Problem
We express the optimization of entanglement witnesses for arbitrary bipartite
states in terms of a class of convex optimization problems known as Robust
Semidefinite Programs (RSDP). We propose, using well known properties of RSDP,
several new sufficient tests for the separability of mixed states. Our results
are then generalized to multipartite density operators.Comment: Revised version (minor spell corrections) . 6 pages; submitted to
Physical Review
Stereotipes of the National Culture and the βIdentityβ Problem in the Case of Globalization
The article deals with the categories of "stereotype" and "identity" that make up the core of the national culture. The authors proceed from the assumption that the stereotypes that have arisen in the course of historical development create a cliche for the perception of both one's own and another's ethnos, its features and culture. The other side of stereotypes is also noted: at the same time they contribute to the formation of one's own identity. The article shows the features of the formation of cultural stereotypes, their influence on the formation of various aspects of one's own identity in the process of ethnic diversification through the system "own / foreign"). It is justified that the presence of stereotypes can both hamper, and under certain conditions, contribute to the perception of culture as external to this ethnos. The possibility of the existence of multiple identities, formed on different base grounds (territorial, ethnic, confessional, etc.) is proved. It was revealed that during the study of a foreign language it is advisable both to use and to break stereotypes. In the course of the study, it is justified that stereotypes in many respects impede the formation of new identities, especially in the case when the new identity is supranational in nature (as it is assumed in the course of the formation, in particular, of a new "European identity
Five Star Movement as Phenomenon of βProtest Partyβ in Italy of XXI Century
The reasons for the growing popularity and electoral dynamics of a young political movement of Italy βFive Star Movementβ is considered. The methods and instruments of political activity of the Movement are analyzed, which are based on political performance, consolidation of interests through new communication technologies and broad advertising (propaganda) for political purposes. The political program and statutes of the Movement, the role of B. Grilloβs personality in the formation of the basic ideas and political platform of the Movement are examined in detail. Special attention is paid to the study of the formation of the political doctrine of the Movement since its inception to the present time, mechanisms for the implementation of the goals and objectives that distinguish the Movement from βtraditionalβ political parties. βNeutralβ character of the Movement, positioning itself outside of βrightβ and βleftβ political sectors are emphasized, which is typical to most modern βprotestβ movements in Europe. The characteristics of the political platform of the new protest party based on euroscepticism, direct democracy, electronic democracy, environmentalism is examined. The strategies and ways of reformation of the established system of political representation is considered.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ β Β«ΠΠ²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π·Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Β». ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ° (ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Π°) ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΠ²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π. ΠΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΠ²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΠ²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠ²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Β«ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Β» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Β«Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΒ» Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ Β«ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ» ΠΈ Β«Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β» Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ½Π²Π°ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ
Empire of the Qing in 1912-1924: Microstate or Quasi-state?
The status of the dynasty and Empire of the Qing in China after the Xinhai revolution is discussed. It is reported that in accordance with the terms of the Emperor Pu Yiβs refusal of the throne of China, he retained the Imperial title and the historic centre of Beijing - Forbidden city - as a possession. It is noted that the Republic of China recognized the Emperor Qing as the βforeign monarch.β The article shows that the document βPreferential termsβ containing information about the special conditions provided by the Chinese Republic to the Emperor Qing, is in much the same with βGuarantee Actβ - a document issued by the Italian government in March 1871 after the army of the Kingdom of Italy in September 1870 occupied Rome and was eliminated the temporal power of the Pope. It is proved that in many respects the Qing Empire in 1912 acquired the actual status of the microstate, when in fact this status is not sought. The authors argue that the Qing Empire in the years of 1912-1924 actually remained a quasi-state and did not realise a political possibility of transformation in the microstate. The reason is the unwillingness of the leaders of the Qing monarchy to abandon the idea of the restoration of the monarchy in China and to create miniature state. It is concluded that for these reasons the final destruction of the Qing Empire in 1924 was the natural result of its existence
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