DIFFERING IN AGRONOMIC AND QUALITY CHARACTERS IN SOME BACKCROSS–DERIVED LINES IN BREAD WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) GENOTYPES

The backcrossing method remains an efficient tool for transferring genes into established crop varieties. In this study; we were focused on evaluating the selected some backcross lines for yield, grain-quality traits and some agronomic traits under field condition. The experiment was conducted using 15 genotypes in randomized completely blocks design with four replications in Trakya ARI experimental field, during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 growing years. Grain yield, days of heading and maturing, plant height and some quality parameters and relationship among these parameters were investigated. According to results, there was statistically difference among genotypes in terms of yield and other investigated characters, except for 1000-kernel weight, test weight. Grain yields decreased in Pehlivan, Aldane, Tekirdağ and Dropia backcross lines. It was determined that TKW increased in the backcross derived lines of the Gelibolu, Dropia and Prostor, gluten value increased in Pehlivan and Tekirdağ cultivars. Backcross line for gluten index of the Pehlivan, Aldane, Gelibolu, Prostor and Dropia cultivars highly increased compared with other components. Sedimentation values of the backcross lines of cultivars decreased in Prostor and increased in Pehlivan, Gelibolu and Dropia. The strongly negative correlations were measured between grain yield and days of maturing (r=-0.689**), plant height (r=-0.655**), and lodging resistant (r=-0.743**). Also, grain yield was negatively correlated with protein ratio (r=-0.608*), gluten value (r=-0.541*), and days of heading (r=-0.607*). The negative correlations were found between grain yield and 1000-kernel weight, test weight, hardness, sedimentation, and winter-kill, as well. The strong positive correlations were measured between protein ratio and gluten, hardness, sedimentation, days of heading and maturing, plant height, and lodging resistant. Grain hardness in genotypes increased with the extension of maturation period of the genotypes. Plant height in genotypes strongly correlated with grain yield, protein ratio, gluten value, gluten index, days of heading and maturing

EFFECT OF BIOMASS AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGE ON GRAIN YIELD AND QUALITY IN BREAD WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) GENOTYPES

The aim of this research was to determine the effects of location, genotypes and the interaction of location x genotypes on biomass, canopy temperature, yield and some of the quality traits of the bread wheat genotypes under field conditions. Thus, it was established with 25 genotypes in randomized completely blocks design with 4 replications at 3 locations in Trakya Region, Turkey, in 2013-2014 growing season. Grain yield, biomass, canopy temperature, plant height, 1000-kernel weight, test weight, and relationship among these characters were investigated. For determining biomass of the genotypes, data was taken at three plant growth stages; tillering, shooting and heading. Combined analysis of variance across three locations revealed highly significant variation among wheat genotypes for grain yield, biomass of stem elongation, heading stage and canopy temperature. The mean yield of the genotypes was 723.0 kg da-1, and the highest yields were obtained from Entry 22 with 826.3 kg da-1. The highest biomass was scaled in Entry-9 during threeplant growth stages. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between grain yield and biomass in tillering, shooting, and heading growth stages of the genotypes. These results indicated that higher biomass at early plant growth stage was more significant for yield potential. There was detected slightly negative relationship between canopy temperature and biomass, and grain yield. It could be that the canopy temperatures of genotypes were measured lower during the increasing of biomass in plant development. During tillering stage, higher biomass promoted to plant height and positively affected protein ratio, values of gluten and sedimentation. In shooting phase of genotypes, biomass positively affected and increased in 1000-kernel weight, protein ratio, gluten value and sedimentation value, as well. But increasing in biomass during heading stage, negatively affected and decreased in canopy temperature, 1000-kernel weight, test weight, protein ratio, gluten index and sedimentation value

Ekmeklik buğdayda kahverengi pasa (Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz. f. sp. tritici) dayanıklılık genlerinin kalıtımı

Buğday kahverengi pası (Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz.f.sp. tritici) dünya genelinde buğday üretiminde %50' lere varan verim kayıplarına sebep olabilen ve kaliteyi olumsuz yönde etkileyen en önemli hastalıklardan biridir. Türkiye' de ise kahverengi pas başta Trakya bölgesinde şiddetli epidemi oluşturmakta, buğday verimi ve kalitesini önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Buğdayda kahverengi pasa dayanıklılığın dominant ve resesif genler tarafından kontrol edildiği ve bu genlerin çalışmalarda kullanılan populasyonlara göre kromozomlarda farklı yerlerde lokalize olduğu belirtilmektedir. Bu çalışmada kahverengi pasa dayanıklılık genlerinin kalıtımlarının belirlenmesi, aynı zamanda kahverengi pasa dayanıklı ve hassas olarak ayrımlanmış hatların bazı agronomik özelliklerin karşılaştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma tarla koşullarında 2016 – 2020 yılları arasında Edirne' de yürütülmüştür. Dayanıklılık testlerinde Trakya Bölgesi' nde yaygın olarak yetiştirilen 7 adet ekmeklik buğday çeşidi (2 dayanıklı, 5 hassas) kullanılmış, dayanıklı ve hassas genotipler arasında melezlemeler yapılmış, bu kombinasyonların F2 ve F4 generasyonları kahverengi pas ile inokule edilmiştir. Çalışmada F2 generasyonunda hastalık skorlaması yapılmış, genarasyonlardaki kahverengi pasa dayanıklıklılık genlerini kalıtımı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada yer alan 2 melez kombinasyonun F4 hatlarında bitki boyu, üst boğum uzunluğu, başak uzunluğu, başak ağırlığı, başaktaki tane sayısı, başakta tane ağırlığı, bin tane ağırlıkları ortalamaları gibi bazı agronomik özellikler değerlendirilmiş, kahverengi pasa yönelik verdikleri tepkilere göre karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda F2 kombinasyonlarında farklı kalıtımlar gözlemlenmiş, kahverengi pasa dayanıklılığın aktarılmasında Yüksel çeşidinin etkili bir ebeveyn olarak kullanılabileceği görülmüştür. Çalışmada ayrıca F4 kombinasyonlarındaki kahverengi pas dayanıklılık gen ve /veya genlerinin bitki boyu ortalamalarını azalttığı ve buna bağlı olarak ta üst boğum uzunluğu ortalamalarında azalmaya neden olduğu görülmüş, kahverengi pasın başakta tane sayısını ve başakta tane ağırlığını azaltıcı etkisi gözlemlenmiştirWheat leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz. f.sp.tritici) is one of the most important disease cause yield loss up to %50 and effect quality negatively in wheat production worldwide. In Turkey, leaf rust causes severe epidemic, especially in the Trakya region, and significantly affects wheat yield and quality. It' s known that resistance to leaf rust in wheat is controlled by some dominant and recessive genes and those genes localized in different places at chromosome according to the populations used in experiments. In this study, it was aimed to determine the inheritance of leaf rust resistance genes, as well as to compare some agronomic characteristics of leaf rust resistant and sensitively differentiated lines. The study was carried out in field conditions between 2016 and 2020 in Edirne. In the resistance tests, 7 bread wheat varieties (2 resistant, 5 sensitive) widely grown in Trakya Region were used, crosses were made between resistant and sensitive genotypes, and F2 and F4 generations of these combinations were inoculated with leaf rust. In the study, disease scoring was performed in the F2 generation, and the inheritance of leaf rust resistance genes in the generations was investigated. In addition, some agronomic characteristics such as plant height, top node length, spike length, spike weight, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, and average of thousand-seed weights in F4 lines of the 2 hybrid combinations included in the study were evaluated and compared according to their responses to leaf rust. As a result of the study, different inheritances were observed in F2 combinations, and it was seen that Yüksel cultivar could be used as an effective parent in transferring resistance to leaf rust. In the study, it was also seen that the leaf rust resistance genes and / or genes in the F4 combinations decreased the average plant height and accordingly caused a decrease in the average top node length, and the reducing effect of leaf rust on the number of grains per spike and grain weight per spike was observed

EFFECT OF THE RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY AT VARIOUS GROWTH STAGE ON YIELD AND QUALITY IN BREAD WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) CULTIVARS

High precipitation and humidity are mainly abiotic environmental factors may influence bread wheat quality during grain filling stages in Trakya region (Turkey). It was investigated effect of the rainfall and humidity, during growth stage Z24 and Z89, on yield, quality and some agronomic characters in bread wheat cultivars. Rainfall and humidity from shooting up to grain filling period were taken in experimental area. This research was established with 25 genotypes in RCBD with 4 replications in Edirne and Tekirdağ location, from 2011 to 2016 growing seasons. Grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, test weight, protein ratio, gluten, gluten index, hardness, sedimentation, plant height and days of heading were investigated. It was found various relations among locations and investigated parameters based on rainfall and humidity with yield and quality. The results showed that high rainfall from shooting up to grain filling stage had a negatively effect on protein ratio, gluten, gluten index and sedimentation in Edirne location. The high mean humidity from Z31 to Z89 growth stage had a positively effect on grain yield. Rainfall from shooting up to grain filling period had also positively effect on gluten index. Rainfall during Z24-30 and Z77-89 plant growth stage had positively effect on grain yield. At Tekirdağ location, rainfall during Z51-75 positively affected protein ratio (r=0.898*), and gluten value (r=0.714). High rainfall during Z77-90 growth stage negatively affected grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, and test weight. Humidity from Z24 up to Z89 growth stage had positively effect on grain yield, 1000-kernel weight and test weight. Mean humidity at Z51-75 and at Z77-89 growth stage led to significant reduction in gluten index. There was positively significant correlation between humidity with protein ratio and gluten value at Z51-75 and Z77-89 growth stage. All results showed that high rainfall and humidity have a various effects on quality and grain yield based on plant growth stage

EFFECT OF BIOMASS AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES ON YIELD AND AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS IN BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) CULTIVARS

Grain yield in barley is a complex character depending on a large number of environmental, agronomical and physiological characters. This research was carried out in Edirne (Turkey) region during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growing years. Experiment was set up with 22 cultivars in randomized completely blocks with four replications. Grain yields, plant height, days of heading, biomass, 1000-kernel weight, test weight and protein ratio and relationship among these characters were investigated. According to the results significant differences among genotypes were found based on studied characters. The mean yield was 652.7 kg da-1 and Sitara and Asparuh had the highest grain yield with 697.1 and 694.1 kg da-1, respectively. Analysis of the traits and genotypes showed varied correlations in the two growing environments. Grain yield was negatively correlated with days of heading (r= -0.549**), protein ratio (r= -0.575**), and plant height. Also, grain yield was positively correlated with peduncle length(r=0.549*), test weight (r=0.425*), and 1000-kernel weight. Protein ratio was positively correlated with days of heading (r=0.528**), and plant height (r=0.557**). There was negatively relationship between number of kernel in spike with protein ratio (r= -0.575**), and 1000-kernel weight (r= -0.617**). Generally, correlations between grain yield and investigated physiological parameters were low although a few were slightly significant. A negative correlation between grain yield and biomass constantly increased from GS25 up to GS40 growth stage. So, correlation coefficients between grain yield and biomass were at GS25 r=-0.300, at GS30 r=-0.300, and at GS49 r=-0.300*. This was probably because increased in rainfall and temperature between GS25 and GS49 and caused speed up the development of biotic stress factors which consequently resulted in reducing grain yield. Higher canopy temperature at GS55 and GS69 negatively affected and reduced grain yield. The chlorophyll content showed slightly positive correlations with yield. These results suggest that higher chlorophyll content during heading stage positively affected grain yield