THE RESEARCH ABOUT REASONS OF MOUNTAINEERS' ATTEND TO ICE CLIMBING AND ITS EFFECTS ON THEIR SELF-CONFIDENCE

The aim of this study was to investigate the reasons why mountaineers participate in ice climbing activities and revealed the effect of this preference their self-confidence. For this, the data was collected in the 2. International Emrah Özbay Ice-climbing Festival, 22-26 January 2016 in Erzurum. The data was collected through “Participation Motivation Questionnaire” by Gill, Gross and Huddleston (1983) which was adapted into Turkish by Oyar et al. (2001); and “the Self-Confidence Scale” developed by Akın (2007). The data collected was analysed through statistical package program (SPSS 16.0) and the results were interpreted. One Way Anova, T-test and correlation statistics were used in statistical analysis. It was observed that the medium of reasons for participation in ice-climbing is low and self-confidence is high. A meaningful relationship was found between these athletes’ reasons for participation and their self-confidence (p<0,05). Meaningful results were gathered in terms of gender, marital status, age and years of ice-climbing experience. As a result, there was a reverse relationship between self-confidence and participation in ice-climbing. Self-confidence is an important influence on ice climbing.  Article visualizations

The Arguments for Classification of Vowel Specifications of Dialect Research and Examples of Uşak County' s Dialect

Türkçenin ağızları ile ilgili bir çok değerli çalışma yayımlanmıştır. Ancak, bunların bir çoğunun dil incelemesi bölümlerinde, yöntemsizlikler görülmektedir. Bu makalede, Türkiye'de yayımianmış ağız çalışmalarının ses bilgisi bölümleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışma iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde, bugüne kadar yayımianmış eserlerde ses değişmelerinin veriliş tarzları eleştirilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise, Uşak İli Ağızları üzerinde, yeni bir sınıflandırma yöntemi önerilmiştir. Bu yöntemin temeli, ses olaylarını "karakteristik olan" ve "karakteristik olmayan"; "yaygın olan" ve "yaygın olmayan" gibi sınıflandırmaktır. There are a lot of publications on Turkish dialects in Turkey. However, there are classifıcation mistakesin phonetik parts of this books. In this paper, I have mentioned on phonetic parts of researchs that were published in Turkey. My articles has two main parts. In fırst part, have been criticized the phonetic divisions in the publications. In second part, I proposed a new method (system) related to phonetic divisions on Ushak Dialects. The basic part of this method is the dassifıcation ofphonetic changes as "characteristic features" and "non-characteristic features"; and as "widespread features" and "non-widespread features"

INVESTIGATION OF SPORTS ORIENTATIONS OF TEACHERS WHO WORK IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS

The purpose of this study is to reveal the reasons of the teachers' tendency to sports activities in the 2016-2017 school year. This research is important in terms of revealing the teachers' sports activities approaches. The samples were generated among the teachers working in selected schools by using random sampling method. In the research, the survey technique used is quantitative research method. Developed by Gill and Deeter (1998) and adapted in Turkish by Erpehlivan (2008) the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) is used. 386 teachers have participated in the research. The data were analyzed with the SPSS 22.00 packet program. Statistically significant differences were found according to professional experience and sports branches. Teachers with low vocational experiences tend to compete more in the sports activities that they are doing. In other words, the teachers are heading towards to sports activities for competition. Teachers with low or no vocational experiences are more likely to be successful in the sport branch that they are doing. So their goal is to succeed in the sports that they do. Individual and team sportsmen want to compete, win and be successful in the sport branch that they are doing. Also, those who play team sports tend to be more successful than those who don't participate in sports activities.  Article visualizations

Comparison of radiological indices in patients with ankylosing spondilitis

Ankilozan spondilit, hastalığın ileri evresinde ankiloz ve sindesmofit formasyonuna yol açabilen genellikle sakroiliitis ve spondilitis şeklinde spinal inflamasyonla karakterize kronik inflamatuvar romatolojik bir hastalıktır. AS'nin hastalık aktivitesini, progresyonunu, prognozunu ve hastalık durumunu tanımlamak zordur. Radyografik değişiklikler AS'de tanı koydurucu öneme sahiptir. Ayrıca radyografi AS'de hasarı gösterir. Böylece AS'li hastalarda hastalığın ilerlemesi belirli aralarla radyografik ölçümler yapılarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu nedenle radyografik ölçüm yöntemi hastalığın durumunu yansıtması açısından çok önemlidir. Bu amaçla birkaç skala geliştirilmiştir. Bu skalalar Bath AS Radyoloji İndeksi (BASRI), Stoke AS Spine Skoru (Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score-SASSS) ve Modifiye Stoke AS Spine Skoru (M-SASS) yöntemleridir. Bu çalışmadaki primer amacımız AS'li hastalarda bu radyolojik indeksleri karşılaştırmak ve birbirlerine üstünlüklerini test edebilemekti. İkincil amaçlarımız ise; AS'li hastalarda hastalık aktivitesi, hastanın fonksiyonel durumu, yaşam kalitesi, metrolojik ölçümler ve akut faz reaktanları arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmekti. Bu amaçla 73 gönüllü AS'li hasta (18 kadın, 55 erkek) çalışmaya dahil edildi. Hastaların fonksiyonel durumunu, hastalık aktivitesini ve yaşam kalitesini değerlendirmek için hastalara sırasıyla Bath AS Fonksiyonel indeksi (BASFI), Bath AS Hastalık Aktivitesi indeksi (BASDAI) ve AS Yaşam Kalitesi (ASQoL) ölçeği uygulandı. Bath AS Metroloji indeksi (BASMI) spinal mobiliteyi değerlendirmek için kullanıldı. Hastaların eritrosit sedimentasyon hızı (ESH) ve serum C-reaktif protein (CRP) düzeyleri ölçüldü. Hastalara radyolojik skorlama SASSS, M-SASS ve BASRI'ye göre yapıldı. Sonuçların korelasyon analizi için spearman korelasyon testi uygulandı. Sonuç olarak; el-yer mesafesi SASSS ile korele çıkarken, diğer radyolojik indekslerle korelasyon saptanmadı. Diğer bütün mobilite ölçümleri ile radyolojik indeksler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı korelasyon saptandı (p<0.05). Hastalık süresi ile radyolojik ölçümler arasında, serum CRP düzeyleri ile BASDAI ve ASQoL arasında ve sigara alışkanlık düzeyi ile BASMI ve BASFI arasında pozitif ilişki tespit edildi (p<0.05). Radyolojik indeksler birbiriyle çok iyi derecede korele bulundu. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre; BASRI'nin hem hastalık süresi ile, hem mobilite ölçümleri ile olan korelasyonu ve hem de hastanın fonksiyonel durumunu yansıtmadaki sonuçları SASSS ve M-SASSS'a göre daha iyi bulunmuştur. Ayrıca bu radyolojik skorları uygularken SASSS ve M-SASSS yöntemleri tek tek her bir vertebranın erozyonu skorlandığı ve daha sonra bu skorlar toplandığı için BASRI'ye göre süre olarak daha uzun sürmektedir. BASRI'de ise radyografi global olarak bakılıp değerlendirilmektedir. Sonuç olarak BASRI yönteminin diğer radyolojik skorlara göre (SASSS ve M-SASSS) rutinde daha kolay uygulanabilir, daha pratik bir yöntem olduğu ve bizim sonuçlarımıza göre hastanın o andaki durumunu daha iyi yansıttığı kanaatindeyiz. Yine bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre hastanın sigara içme düzeyi arttıkça hastanın ölçümleri kısıtlanmakta ve fonksiyonları da o derecede etkilenmektedir.Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatological disease characterized by spinal inflammation, usually in the form of sacroiliitis and spondylitis which may lead to syndesmophyte formation and ankylosis in the further course of the disease. Definition of activation, progress, prognosis, and situation of disease is difficult in patients with AS. The radiographic changes of AS have diagnostic importance. Furthermore, radiography shows the damage in AS. Thus, progress of disease can measure by performing radiographic evaluations at intermittent periods. Therefore, the radiographic index method which using in AS is very important in terms of reflecting the situation of disease. For this purpose, a several index has been devoloped. This indices are Bath AS Radiology Index (BASRI), Stoke AS Spine Skore (SASSS), Modified Stoke AS Spine Score (M-SASSS). Primer aim of this study was compared this radiological indices (BASRI, SASSS, M-SASSS) and could tested adavantages between themselves. However, other aims were to evaluate correlations between activation of disease, functional situation of patient, quality of life, metrological measurements and accute phase reactants in AS patients. For this purpose, 73 volunteer patients with AS (18 women, 55 men) were included to this study. Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (ASQoL) were applied to evaluate the functional situation, disease activation and quality of life of patients, respectively. Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI) was used to evaluate the spinal mobility of patients. Erytrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) of patients levels were measured. Radilogical evaluation was performed according to Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (SASSS), Modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (M-SASSS) and Bath Ankylosing Spondilitis Radiology Index (BASRI). Spearman correlation test was used to analysis correlations of outcomes. In the conclusion; while finger to flor distance was found correlation with SASSS, it was not determined with other radiological indices. It was found correlation between the other mobility measurements with whole radiologic measurements of patients (p<0.05). Positive correlation was determined between radiological measurements with disease duration, between BASDAI and ASQoL with serum CRP levels and between smoking with BASMI and BASFI (p<0.05). Very good correlation was defined between radiological indices. According to outcomes of this study; correlation coefficients between BASRI and with disease duration and mobility mesaurements were found better than the other radiological indices (SASSS, M-SASSS). Also, it was showed that BASRI reflected better than other radiological indices the functional situation of patient. Furthermore, length of evaluation of BASRI process was shorter than the others. Because, The SASSS is obtained by assessing the lower border of T12, all 5 lumbar vertebrae, and the upper border of the sacrum on a lateral view and MSASSS procedure the anterior sites of the same vertebrae of the lumbar spine as described for the SASSS are scored, as are the anterior sites of the cervical spine from the lower border of C2 to the upper border of T1. However, roentgenogram was evaluated globally in BASRI. Consequently according to results of our study, we can suggest that BASRI can applied easier and is more pratical and reflects better current situation of patient than other radiological indices. Addition, mobility and function of patient is limited to be paralel with to smoking levels

The impacts of agricultural support on enhancing the efficiency, competitiveness and sustainability of sheep breeding: The case of Niğde and Aksaray provinces, Turkey

Aim of the study:  The sheep breeding sector in Turkey has lost its potential to become a highly competitive and efficient sector despite a number of policies being implemented over the years. Therefore, the objective of the study was to empirically evaluate the competitiveness of sheep breeding and the determinants of the technical efficiency of the sector as well as the current impacts of agricultural policies on the performance of the sector.Area of study: Niğde and Aksaray provinces of TR71 region in Turkey.Material and methods: The required primary data were obtained through a face-to-face survey from 110 sheep breeders. Two methodological approaches, namely Stochastic Frontier Analysis and Policy Analysis Matrix, were used.Main results: The support policies caused an inefficiency in allocation of already scarce resources in sheep breeding, but not ensure to increase the competitiveness at both national and international levels. Sheep farms could increase their income by up to 50% without changing the level of input by taking into account the factors that caused inefficiency in sheep breeding. The major determinants that decreased efficiency were current subsidies for sheep breeding, herd size and the excessive utilization of family labour, while the factors that increased the efficiency were sheep race, access to extension services, grazing period and location. Besides, Domestic Resource Cost (DRC) value in the efficient farms decreased to 0.88, implying that they had a comparative advantage.Research highlights: Implementation of structural support policies with long term would enhance efficiency of sheep farms and ensure the sustainability and competitiveness of the sector

Evaluation of product sound design within the context of emotion design and emotional branding

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Industrial Design, Izmir, 2005Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 111-122)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxi, 127 leavesThe main purpose of this thesis is to set out the relationships between the work of product designers and the perceptions of costumers regarding the acceptability of product sounds. Product design that provides aesthetic appeal, pleasure and satisfaction can greatly influence success of a product. Sound as a cognitive artifact, plays a significant role in the cognition of product interaction and in shaping its identity. This thesis will review emotion theories end their application to sound design and sound quality modeling, the measurement of emotional responses to sound, and the relationship between psycho-acoustical sound descriptions and emotions. In addition to that, affects of sounds to emotionally significant brands will be evaluated so as to examine marketing values. One of the main purposes of chapter 2 is to prove knowledge about psychoacoustics; as product sound quality is a basic understanding of the underlying psychoacoustics phenomena. Perception; particularly sound perception and its elements are described during chapter 2. Starting with the description of sound wave and how our hear works, sound perception and auditory sensation is reviewed in continuation. In chapter 3, product sound quality concept and its evaluation principles are reviewed. Thus, in order to understand the coupling between the acoustic perception and the product design; knowledge of general principles for product sound quality are required. Chapter 4 can be considered as two main sections. .How does emotion act as a delighter in product design?. is examined to better understand customer and user experiences impacting pleasure-ability in first section. In the second section, emotion is evaluated through sound design. A qualitative evaluation is done so as to examine cognition and emotion in sound perception. Chapter 5 leads subject through emotional branding. Sounds that carry the brand.s identity are evaluated within. Sound design is re-evaluated as marketing strategy and examined with several instances. Keywords: Product sound design, psychoacoustics, product sound quality, emotion design, emotional branding

Research on preferences for participation in search and rescue activities: “Akut” search and rescue association sample

Current study aimed to identify why AKUT Search and Rescue (SAR) Association Members participate in SAR, specify expectations and examine activities in terms of various demographics. 126 AKUT members (103 male, 23 female) participated in the study. Data with .84 reliability coefficient was collected with a survey. Data analysis included frequencies, percentage distribution, t-test and ANOVA. Level of statistical significance was .05. Although results didn’t pinpoint distinctive reasons for participating in SAR, prominent elements affecting members were identified as “Existence of trainers in immediate vicinity” (19%) and “Impact of friends/peer groups” (17.5%). Results showed that impact of family (73%) was not important but age was. It was also found that single individuals inclined towards SAR to a higher extent. Reasons for continuing activities were “Caring for SAR” (50%) and “Awareness of positive contributions” (48.4%). Contributing to financial income was found to have no relationship with SAR (90.5%). No relationship was detected between reasons participating in SAR and demographic characteristics. Expectations from SAR were mostly related to “being a trainer” (53.2%). Expectations and age were found to be related. Younger and single members had higher expectations for being trainers in future. Results showed that volunteerism had important implications in current study

INVESTIGATION OF STRESS MANAGEMENT STYLES OF PROFESSIONAL VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

Depending on the stress the organism encounters, reactions of people may vary. Stress leads to positive and negative effects on the person. The person starts to act and struggle against the stress they face. The aim of this research is to reveal the ways professional volleyball players cope with the pre-match stress. The universe of the research is volleyball players in Turkey's 3rd league, and the sample of it consist of randomly selected 100 (69 female, 31 male) athletes who played in the 3rd league during the 2016-2017 season. The scale was applied to the athletes 30 minutes before the match. The research has employed a 30-item Stress Coping Strategies (Styles) Scale developed by Folkman and Lazarus (1980) and adapted to Turkish by Sahin and Durak (1995). Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient was found to be 77. Independent Samples T-test and one-way analysis of variance (One Way ANOVA) for cases with more than two groups test were used in the analysis of the obtained data. Values in the self-confident approach of lower dimensions are above the average. By contrast, a statistically significant difference was not reached in the research with regard to gender and age. It can be said that the athletes were not very stressed before the match and accordingly they did not set a strategy to cope with the stress. This condition may be related to the importance of the match or the league it is played in. In other studies conducted, it is suggested to increase the number of samples and to apply the scale to the upper leagues in order to clarify the styles of coping with stress more clearly.  Article visualizations

Non-manual Focus Markers in Turkish Sign Language

Sign languages use syntactic (fronting, doubling, clefting), manual manipulations (variation in size, length, speed, repetition), and nonmanual markers (head and eyebrow movements) to mark focus. Due to their simultaneous nature, they are well-known for using these strategies together. In this study, we examined how the focus is marked in Turkish Sign Language (TİD) in free conversations and elicited data. Both studies’ most observed nonmanual markers are head nod and eyebrow raise. We propose that these nonmanual markers are not pure focus markers since they can cooccur with focus and topic in the structures. Yet, due to information structure, they are the marker of the phonological or intonational phrases. Furthermore, the duration of focal signs could be the marker of focus, which needs further investigation