(δ, 2)-Primary Ideals of a Commutative Ring

Let R be a commutative ring with nonzero identity, let I(R) be the set of all ideals of R and δ: I(R) → I(R) an expansion of ideals of R defined by I ↦ δ(I). We introduce the concept of (δ, 2)-primary ideals in commutative rings. A proper ideal I of R is called a (δ, 2)-primary ideal if whenever a, b ∈ R and ab ∈ I, then a2 ∈ I or b2 ∈ δ(I). Our purpose is to extend the concept of 2-ideals to (δ, 2)-primary ideals of commutative rings. Then we investigate the basic properties of (δ, 2)-primary ideals and also discuss the relations among (δ, δ-primary, δ-primary and 2-prime ideals. © 2020, Mathematical Institute, Academy of Sciences of Cz

Cadaver versus simulator based arthroscopic training in shoulder surgery

Introduction: There are few studies that compare the cadaver dissections with the medical simulators in means of talent improvement. Therefore, the aim of this study is to find out if using cadaver dissections is still the golden standard for surgical training or using the medical simulators in surgery could replace cadaver dissections. Materials and methods: The study is conducted during the European Orthopaedics & Traumatology Education Platform accredited Shoulder Club International Cadaver Course including a number of 34 orthopedics trainees. The participants were randomly divided into two groups to be trained with the simulator (Group 1) and on cadavers (Group 2), followed by a test performed on shoulder arthroscopy simulator (Virtamed ArthroS, Switzerland). There was no conflict of interest before, during, or after the study. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Results: Group 2 had statistically significant higher simulation overview procedure time values than Group 1 (p < 0.05), the meaning of which is participants trained with the simulator completed the given tasks in a shorter period of time. Group 2 had statistically significant higher scratching of humerus cartilage values than Group 1 (p < 0.05), which means that participants trained with simulation have less scratching done on the humerus cartilage than the participants trained on a cadaver. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first one to compare virtual reality (VR) simulators with cadavers for surgical education in an objective manner, while using qualitative and quantitative data. According to this study, it is possible to state that VR simulators are just as effective as cadavers in means of training subjects. As medical education will face a total change all around the world after the COVID-19 pandemic, this study has the potential to be an important guide during and after this period

No relation between EFHC2 gene polymorphism and Idiopathic generalized epilepsy.

Background: Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is an epilepsy form without an underlying brain lesion or neurological indication or symptom. Recent investigations on the genetic origins of IGE and its subtypes report that certain mutations of various ion and non-ion channels genes in the central nervous system may be associated with IGE.Purpose: In this study we evaluated the relation between IGE and S430Y polymorphism in EFHC2 gene in a Turkish population.Material/methods: The study enrolled 96 healthy volunteers (47 male, 49 female), served as controls, and 96 IGE patients (41 male, 55 female), IGE diagnosis was confirmed in the neurology department. DNA extractions were performed. The presence of S430Y polymorphism in the exon 9 of EFHC2 gene were analyzed by Real-Time PCR. The findings obtained from the control and patient groups were compared.Results: In the patient group there was one heterozygous male with 685 T&gt;C mutation. In the control group, there were two objects with 685 T&gt;C mutation; one heterozygous male, one heterozygous female. 662 G&gt;A mutation was determined in neither controls nor patients.Conclusion: In our series of 96 IGE patients and 96 healthy controls, there was no relation between S430Y polymorphism in EFHC2 gene and IGE presence.Keywords: EFHC2 gene polymorphism, idiopathic generalized epilepsy

δ-n-IDEALS OF COMMUTATIVE RINGS

Let R be a commutative ring with non-zero identity, and δ: I(R) → I(R) be an ideal expansion where I(R) is the set of all ideals of R. In this paper, we introduce the concept of δ-n-ideals which is an extension of n-ideals in commutative rings. We call a proper ideal I of R a δ-n-ideal if whenever a, b ∈ R with ab ∈ I and a /∈√0, then b ∈ δ(I). For example, an ideal expansion δ1 is defined by δ1 (I) =√I. In this case, a δ1-n-ideal I is said to be a quasi n-ideal or equivalently, I is quasi n-ideal if √ I is an n-ideal. A number of characterizations and results with many supporting examples concerning this new class of ideals are given. In particular, we present some results regarding quasi n-ideals. Furthermore, we use δ-n-ideals to characterize fields and UN-rings. © 2022, University of Guilan. All rights reserved

Erratum to (δ, 2)-Primary Ideals of a Commutative Ring (Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal, (2020), 70, 4, (1079-1090), 10.21136/CMJ.2020.0146-19)

In Theorem 6 of [1], if R is a von Neumann regular ring, then every 2-prime ideal of R is a prime ideal. But the converse of this implication does not hold. Thus, we correct Theorem 6 of [1] as follows: Theorem 6. Let R be a ring. If R is von Neumann regular, then every 2-prime ideal of R is a prime ideal. P r o o f . © 2020, Mathematical Institute, Academy of Sciences of Cz

Impact of feedstock diversification on the cost-effectiveness of biodiesel

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication in Applied Energy: The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. The final version will be available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.06

Novel imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-based anticancer agents as potential focal adhesion kinase inhibitors: Synthesis, in silico and in vitro evaluation

The purpose of this study was to synthesize imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives, characterize them with spectroscopical techniques and investigate for cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on glioma C6 cancer cell line. The in vitro anticancer activities were also investigated against focal adhesion kinase. Most of the compounds, particularly the derivatives carrying 3-oxo-1-tiya-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane moiety, exhibited higher or comparable activities in comparison with the reference drug, cisplatin. Compounds with methyl, propyl, phenyl moieties at the eighth and second position of the spirothiazolidinone ring showed high FAK inhibitory activities. In addition, molecular docking studies shed light on the binding modes of the synthesized compounds. The critical interactions with amino acid residues located in the active site were revealed. The results obtained from both biological assay data and computational results might provide insight into developing new inhibitors against focal adhesion kinase