The Prevalence and Gender Differences in Specific Learning Disorder

Learning process including reading, writing, and arithmetic skills in children requires a normal cognitive development period. The presence of signs of disabilities of these skills needs clinical assessment of a specific learning disorder (SLD), a neurodevelopmental disorder. Specific learning disorder which is defined in DSM-V with three types has various prevalence rates according to age, sex, developmental process, environmental factors, and different assessments applied in studies. Comorbidity with other mental disorders reveals more severe symptoms of it. And also if clinical and educational interventions are not performed, behavioral and emotional symptoms may accompany this diagnosis. In this chapter, studies on the prevalence of specific learning disorder are reviewed by considering these factors

Uykuda saç koparma: Bir pediyatrik olgu

Kişinin kendi kılını karşı konulamaz bir şekilde çekip koparması olarak tanımlanan trikotilomani, DSM-IV-TR'da Başka Türlü Adlandırılamayan Dürtü Kontrol Bozuklukları başlığı altında sınıflandırılmaktadır. Bu davranış, artmış öfke ve kaygı gibi duygular nedeni ile ortaya çıkan gerilimi ortadan kaldırmak için yapılmaktadır. Olgumuz, tüm gece boyunca uyurken saçını koparma ve altını ıslatma bulguları gösteren 11 yaşında erkek çocuğuydu. Ayırıcı tanı için olgumuza tüm gece süresince uyku sırasında polisomnografi uygulanarak, epileptik deşarjların ayırt edilmesi amaçlandı. Sonuçlar normal sınırlarda bulundu. Trikotilomani ön tanısı tartışıldı. Trikotilomaninin parasomni tanısı adı altında değerlendirilmesinin daha uygun olacağı sonucuna varıldı.Trichotillomania, defined as an irresistible urge to pull and pluck one's own hair, is categorized as an impulse control disorder not otherwise specified in DSM-IV-TR. This behavior is performed in response to a number of emotions such as increasing temper or anxiety and gives resultant tension relief. Our case is an 11-year-old boy who showed signs of pulling his hair overnight and bedwetting when he was sleeping. Polysomnography was performed on him overnight during sleep to differentiate epileptic discharge, for a differential diagnosis. The results were within normal limits. The initial diagnosis of trichotillomania was discussed and we concluded that it would be more appropriate to evaluate the case under the diagnosis of parasomnia

Is It Possible Improvement of Clinical Findings and WISC-R Profile by Appropriate Intervention in Combined Type Specific Learning Disorder: 3-Year Follow-up Results

Aim:Specific learning disorder (SLD) has a significant impact on the individual's functionality by causing academic failure. Therefore, corrective educational interventions are important for children and adolescents with SLD. In this study, our aim was to reveal the changes in WISC-R test and reading, writing, arithmetic skills after 3 years of personalized special education program and accompanied attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment of children and adolescents with a diagnosis of SLD, combined with reading, writing and mathematics disorders.Materials and Methods:In 2015, 26 children and adolescents with the combined type SLD were included in the study. The cases were compared by applying WISC-R test and Reading-Writing-Math Skills Assessment List at the beginning and at the end of the third year.Results:The mean age of the patients included in the study was 11.5 ± 1.9 years and 61.5% of them were male. 84.6% of the patients were accompanied by ADHD. In the 3-year follow-up, WISC-R scores increased significantly in verbal intelligence scores, while WISC-R categories showed a significant increase in conceptual ability scores and a decrease in rankings scores. In the error analysis evaluation, there was a significant increase in the scores obtained in the field of reading and writing in the follow-up, and no change was observed in the scores in the field of mathematics.Conclusion:While SLD patients had significant improvements in reading and writing, the improvement in mathematics was limited. Training programs should be conducted especially for the correction of math disabilities in combined type SLD patients

The Elements, Lawrence University Flute Ensemble, January 30, 2017

Harper Hal

Selektif mutismin tedavisinde SSRI’ ların kullanımı

Bazı yazarlar selektif mutismin, sosyal fobinin bir varyantı olduğunu veya obsesif kompulsif bozukluk spektrumu içinde yer aldığını ileri sürmektedirler.Son yapılan çalışmalar selektif mutismin tedavisinde ilaçların etkili olabileceğini göstermektedir.Bu makalede sitalopram ve essitalopram ile tedavi edilen dört elektif mutism olgusu sunulmaktadır. Sonuçlar, bu iki ilacın olgularca iyi tolere edildiğini, verbal ve sosyal etkileşimin geliştiğini göstermiştir. Bu veriler sitalopram ve essitalopramın, selektif mutismin farmakolojik tedavisinde dikkate alınabileceğini düşündürmekle birlikte, daha net bilgiler elde etmek için geniş hasta gruplarında yeni çalışmaların yapılması gerekir..Some authors suggest that selective mutism should be considered as a variant of social phobia or a disorder in the obsessive-compulsive spectrum. Recent studies indicate that pharmacological treatments may be effective in the treatment of selective mutism. In this article, four cases who were treated with citalopram and escitalopram are presented. The results indicate that the drugs were well tolerated, and the level of social and verbal interactions improved significantly. These findings have shown that citalopram and escitalopram can be considered in medication of selective mutism; nevertheless, it is essential that research be done with more cases than previous ones, in order to prove their accurac

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for Treatment of Selective Mutism

Some authors suggest that selective mutism should be considered as a variant of social phobia or a disorder in the obsessive-compulsive spectrum. Recent studies indicate that pharmacological treatments may be effective in the treatment of selective mutism. In this article, four cases who were treated with citalopram and escitalopram are presented. The results indicate that the drugs were well tolerated, and the level of social and verbal interactions improved significantly. These findings have shown that citalopram and escitalopram can be considered in medication of selective mutism; nevertheless, it is essential that research be done with more cases than previous ones, in order to prove their accurac

Psychogenic polydipsia associated with sertraline treatment: a case report

Psychogenic polydipsia (PP) is a clinical condition characterized by excessive fluid intake in the absence of physiological stimuli to drink. The etiology of compulsive water drinking is not known yet. It is common in people with chronic mental illness, especially in schizophrenia. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by the presence of recurrent obsessions and compulsions which may cause anxiety in the person. The age of onset is bimodal, before puberty and early adulthood. In this case report, we will discuss the PP situation after the start of sertraline treatment in a case of 12-year-old girl who started sertraline treatment with the diagnosis of OCD

Anxiety and Somatic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Background. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition typified by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are common among children and adolescents with ADHD. In this study, it was aimed to examine anxiety and somatic symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD and the effect of methylphenidate treatment on these symptoms. Method. Three groups were formed, consisting of 37 children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and received methylphenidate treatment, 37 newly diagnosed, treatment-naive children and adolescents with ADHD diagnosis, and 37 children and adolescents without the diagnosis of ADHD. The symptoms of ADHD in children were examined by using the DSM-IV-based child and adolescent behavior disorders screening and rating scale, the symptoms of anxiety were examined by using the screen for child anxiety-related disorders (SCARED), and somatic symptoms were examined by using the DSM-5 level 2 somatic symptom scale. Results. In the newly diagnosed, treatment-naive with ADHD group, anxiety and somatic symptoms were found to be significantly higher compared to the ADHD group with methylphenidate treatment and the non-ADHD group. It was shown that the symptoms of panic disorder, generalized anxiety, and social phobia were observed more in the newly diagnosed, treatment-naive with ADHD group compared to the treatment group with ADHD. Conclusions. It was determined that children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD had more anxiety and somatic symptoms. Anxiety and somatic symptoms increased as the severity of ADHD symptoms increased. Anxiety and somatic symptoms were lower than in ADHD children receiving methylphenidate treatment. Clinicians should keep in mind to evaluate anxiety and somatic symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD before the treatment

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Orthopedic Injuries and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence

Aim:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, which causes repetitive trauma and extremity injuries. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) are the most comorbid conditions of ADHD. Our study investigated the correlation between extremity trauma and ADHD’s subgroups in pediatric trauma patients and comparison with the control group. Our aim was to detect high-risk patients in pediatric extremity injuries and to prevent possible extremity injuries with early diagnosis.Materials and Methods:Between September 2018 and February 2019, 60 pediatric patients with extremity injuries (group 1) and non-traumatic reasons (group 2) were included in this prospective study consecutively. Patients were evaluated with the Conner’s Parent Rating Scale and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire for ADHD subgroups, ODD and CD. Patients who received an initial diagnosis were evaluated by the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Trakya University Medical Hospital.Results:Patients who were diagnosed as ADHD were significantly higher in the trauma group (p=0.042), but no statistical significance was found in any subgroups of ADHD, ODD and CD.Conclusion:Our results were in accordance with the vast majority of current literature in which ADHD was found to be significantly higher in the trauma group. ADHD must be considered in pediatric trauma patients to prevent possible extremity injuries

Microbiological Colonisation of Intrauterin Devices Removed Due to Non- pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Giriş: Pelvik inflamatuar hastalık (PİH) tanısı almayan hastalarda diğer nedenlerle çıkartılan rahim içi araçlar(RİA)da mikrobiyal kolonizasyonunun incelenmesi Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Kliniği’ne başvuran pelvik inflamasyon bulguları olmayan 40 hastadan herhangi bir nedenle çıkarılan RİA’ların kültür incelemesi yapıldı. Bulgular: Düzensiz kanama, ağrı veya servikal yerleşim nedeniyle çıkartılan RİA’ların kültür incelemesinde sadece 5 hastada(%12.5) üreme olmuştur. Sonuç: RiA’nın pelvik inflamasyondaki rolü bilinmektedir. Daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda RİA’ların pelvik inflamatuar hastalık oluşturmadan bakteriyel kolonizasyon oluşturduğuna dair veriler vardır. Fakat bizim çalışmamızda PİH tanısı olmayan hastalarda bakteriyel kolonizasyon saptanmamıştır. Burada PİH oluşumunda diğer risk faktörlerinin (erken yaşta başlayan cinsel ilişki, koit sıklığı, hijyen) önemli olabileceği ve coğrafi bölgesel faklılıklar gösterebileceğini dikkate almak gerekir.Aim: To evaluate microbiological colonisation of intrauterin devices (IUDs) in patients without the diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Material and Methods: The cultures of IUDs of 40 patients, admitted to Bülent Ecevit University Gynecology and Obstetrics Department and had no pelvic infection signs, were evaluated. Results: The culture results of IUDs removed due to abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, cervical localisation revealed that only 5(12,5%) of patients had microbiological colonisation. Conclusion: The role of IUDs on pelvic infections has been known. The data in the past studies revealed that IUDs cause bacterial colonisation without pelvic inflammatory disease. However, in our study there was no bacteria colonisation in patients without PID. The other risk factors (early sexual function, frequency of coitus, hygien) and geographical regionvariations should be considered as reasons of PID